1. Neo-Marxism

2. Hebdige (1988) Crime and deviance amongst the working class can be seen as signs of resistance and rebellion. He looked at hidden messages in the clothing and fashions which people use.

3. He argued that working-class communities in the East End of London were being destroyed by re- development. He argues that the property developers were bulldozing traditional housing in order to make a large profit.

4. Old terraced property was bought cheaply and replaced by expensive developments that the poor could not afford. The sole motivation was profit and the consequence was the destruction of people’s past, present and future.

5. The working-class youth of these areas developed a subculture that tried to resist the destruction of their way of life and adopted some elements of their traditional community. They shaved their hair, wore Doc Martens, jeans and braces – all a re- creation of a traditional life that had been lost.

6. He also applied a similar analysis to other groups like Rastafarians and punks. He argued that their resistance to capitalism could be seen in their clothing and style.

7. New Criminology also attempted to redevelop Marxist approaches and so in this sense is a form of neo-Marxism.