1. Renewable Energy Context, Scope, Application and Green Business in Bangladesh Professor Dr. Kazi Abdur Rouf Noble International University Senior Research Fellow Faculty of Environmental Studies York University, Canada. Paper presented at the Association for Non-profit and Social Economy Research (ANSER) Conference 2015 Ottawa, Canada June 3-5, 2015

2. Why Renewable Energy Necessary Energy is inevitable for development and its demand is increasing day by day Energy from fossil fuel (coals, diesel, kerosene, wood etc.) generates carbon, CO 2 emissions, and green house emissions Fossil fuel pollute air, and destroy environment resulted global warming Energy scientists are looking for alternative energy resources uses that are environmentally friendly and good for human being They are provoking for renewable energy (solar radiation energy, bio gas energy, wind energy, water wave energy, CNG energy and hydropower energy) use PV technologies produce very small amount of CO 2 compared to the emissions from conventional existing fossil fuel energy technologies RE uses is less harmful to living beings and environment

3. Topic This paper talks about fossil fuel energy and renewable energy use Their consequence/impact in the nature and society.

4. Methodology Author incorporates his working experience with Grameen Shakti (GS) Collected data from different RE implementing organizations in Bangladesh During his visit to Bangladesh in 2014-2015.

5. Objectives of the Study The study explores RE resource sources, scenarios of RE Identify Demand of Energy Discern utilization different types of RE programs and use RE business models and their benefits in Bangladesh.

6. Environmental (CO 2) Issues in Bangladesh Green house gases (CO 2 Ch 4, and N 2 O) emitted in burning of different types of fuel lead to air pollution, environmental pollution and global warming. Gradual increase of global temperature and its consequences affect Bangladesh, risen the sea level of Bay of Bengal. It is because of climate change Nine warmest years in the 20 th century have occurred since 1980 and 1990s were probably the warmest decade of the second millennium (IPCC, 2001). Fossil fuel energy use, the largest sole source of CO 2 emissions and a large contributor of CH 4 and N 2 O emissions, accounted for 81.7 percent of emissions Earth’s atmosphere receives around 27,000 million tons of CO 2 in the recent years USA is the largest CO 2 emitter in the world, which releases 5,729 million tons of CO 2 every year with 19.7 million tons of per capita emission Next CO 2 contributor is China releases 3,719 million tons with 2.9 million tons of per capita emission From 1973 to 2006, the emission of CO 2 has increased at a rate of 79.05%.

7. ItemGHG emission factor Kerosene2.5 ton CO 2 /ton Wood/straw1.7 ton CO 2 /ton Diesel genset1.3 ton CO 2 /MWh Diesel0.897 ton CO 2 /MWh Bangladesh grid (natural gas 90%)0.452 ton CO 2 /MWh Natural gas0.452 ton CO 2 /MWh Hydro, Solar, Wind0 Environmental Issue Table 1: GHG emission factor Source: SWERA, 2007

8. Government National Energy Policy First National Policy (NEP) Bangladesh 1996 Government adopted Private Power Generation Policy In 1996, import duty and value added tax from solar PV and wind turbines were withdrawn In April 2004, Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission (BERC) was established NEP 2004 are targeted to provide energy for all Bring entire country under electrification by the year 2020 (MPEMR, 2004).

9. Renewable Energy Policy Renewable Energy Program in Bangladesh emphasized on the exploitation of solar, wind, biomass gasification, biogas and hydro energy Major objectives of the renew able energy policy aim to exploit potential RES Disseminate RETs in the rural, peri-urban and urban areas Policy has targeted to develop RES to meet 5% of the total power demand by 2015 and 10%by the year 2020 (MPEMR, 2008).

10. CategoryYear 1973Year 2006 Growth % 1973- 2006 Primary energy supply6,115 Mtoe 11, 741 Mtoe 92.00 Final energy consumption4,672 Mtoe8,8084 Mtoe73.03 Electricity generation6,116 TWh18,930 TWh209.52 Electricity consumption439 Mtoe1,347 Mtoe206.83 CO 2 emission15,640 Mtoe28,003 Mtoer 79.05 Table 2: Comparison of World Energy related Data (1973 and 2006) Source: Prepared from International Energy Agency (2008).

11. DescriptionQuantity of emission Energy-related Carbon Dioxide Emissions32.9 million tons Per capita energy consumption4.0 million Btu Per capita carbon dioxide emissions0.23 tons Table-3: CO 2 Emission Energy Production in Bangladesh Source: IEA, 2003

12. Category2000-012001-022002-032003-042004-05 Gas Production Gas (109cft) 372.16391.53421.16454.59486.75 Consumption (109cft) Electricity175.27190.03190.54199.40211.02 Captive00032.0337.87 Fertilizer88.4378.7895.8992.8093.97 Industrial47.9953.5663.7646.4951.68 Tea-garden0.650.720.740.820.80 Brick field0.440.530.520.120 Commercial4.064.254.564.834.85 Domestic31.8536.7444.8049.2252.49 CNG000.231.943.62 Total Consumption348.69364.61401.04427.65456.30 Table-4: Production and consumption of Natural Gas in Bangladesh Source: BBS, 2006.

13. ItemQuantity Installation Capacity5,275MW Average demand4,300-4,500MW Average generation3,200-3,300MW Per capita generation167 kWh Per capita consumption136 kWh Table-5: Electricity Generation and Consumption in Bangladesh (2005-2006) Source: SWERA

14. Fuels1999-002000-012001-022002-032003-04 Cow-dung24412471 2502 Jute stick9229661010966922 Rice straw137514291409124181218 Rice hulls2810 285428982854 Bagasse314340366 392 Firewood1166 1219 1272 Twigs and Leaves 13251378143114841537 Other wastes 11861230127313171361 Total1153911790120331213912258 Table-6: Estimates of Energy Supplied by Traditional Biomass Fuels (‘000 tons of coal equivalent) Source: BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2006)

15. RES TypeCapacity (up to December’08)Theoretical Potential Wind1 M2,000 MW Hydro230 MW672 MW Solar PV15 MW approx50,436 MW Solar Thermal3,000 m320<>106 m2 Biogas.3 million m33,675 <>106 m3 Table-7: Renewable Energy Prospects in Bangladesh Source: Alam et al. (2003)

16. Resource Expected utilization GHG reduction (million tons of CO 2 ) Wind1000 MW5.0 Solar300 MW0.5 Biomass/Hydro600 MW0.6 Co-generation300 MW0.3 Total Renewable Energy3200 MW6.4 Table-8: Targets for RETS Tentative Target for RETs, 2020 and GHG reduction Source: Power Cell, 2006

17. Total No. SHSs Savings of Kerosene in litters/year Tons CO 2 /year 65,00019 million49,000 1,00,00029 million75,000 Table-9 : CO 2 reduction using Solar Home System Source: SWERA, 2007

18. Table-10: IDCOL Program Benefits (2014) Program achievement: 3 million SHS Number of beneficiaries: 13.5 million people Power generation: 150 MW Fossil fuel saving: 216,000 ton/yr CO 2 reduction: 503,000 ton/yr Job creation: 60,000 IDCOL investment: USD$ 500 million Source: IDCOL, 2014.

19. OptionDown PaymentInstalments Service charge (flat rate) Option -1 15%36 months6% Option 2 25%24 months4% Option-315% 36 months (with 36 post dated cheque) 5% Option-41005 cash payment with 4% discount Table-11: GS Financial Options Source: Grameen Shakti, 2015.

20. Table-12: Programs at a Glance February, 2015 ( Source: Grameen Shakti, 2015)Programs at a Glance February, 2015 Grameen Technology Centre34 ICS Production Center67 Number of Upazilas covered508 Upazila Number of villages covered50,000 villages Total beneficiaries17.67 m Total employees11,230 Total installation of SHS1,583,319 Total Number of Improved Cook Stove (ICS) 910,204 Total biogas plant constructed30,847 Total installed power capacity63.33 MWp Installation rateOver 20,000 SHSs/ month Number of trained technicians (woman technicians) 22,822 technicians Number of trained customers (woman)839,725 users Future plan- total installation of SHS by 2015 Future plan- biogas plant construction by 2015 Future plan- Improved Cooking Stove construction by 2015 Green Jobs Creation by 2015 2 million 100,000 2 million 100,000

21. Study Findings (summary) Study finds Bangladesh has developed a Government managed private apex organization named IDCOL (Infrastructure Development Company) IDCOL is involved in coordinating, counselling and financing to the RE implementing agencies in Bangladesh Study discovers Grameen Shakti is the largest RE implementing organization not only in Bangladesh, but also in the world GS has developed a micro-utility RE financial model for the RE users IDCOL has disseminated this GS micro-utility RE financial model to the IDCOL partnered RE agencies RE implementing agencies apply the GS micro-utility financial model in their own programs in Bangladesh.

23. Nabin Udoyktas (Nus) New Entrepreneur RE Business Young encourages to engage in RE business Four Nobin Udyoktas have received Nine Hundred Thousand Taka till April, 2015 NU projects include tailoring, textile business, telecom service, grocery shop, dairy farm etc. There is a plan to invest 5 million Taka among 20 Nobin Udyoktas (New Entrepreneur) by June, 2014 and 50 million Taka among 250 Nobin Udyokta by June 2016

24. Conclusion RE resources like solar panels, biogas plants, wind pumps etc. are expensive for the low income people of Bangladesh IDCOL provides subsidies to RE implementing agencies However, still RE technology use is expensive RE resources could be less expensive to rural people RE technologies need further improvement for to not only more handy at the micro level, but also valuable at the economic scale RE agencies charge more than 20% and above (hide information) that needs to be reduced

25. Thank You Comments/Questions