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Foundations and Evolutions
Cost Accounting Foundations and Evolutions Kinney, Prather, Raiborn Chapter 19 Performance Measurement, Balanced Scorecards, and Performance Rewards
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Learning Objectives (1 of 3)
Explain the importance of the mission statement Describe the role of performance measures in organizations Identify the guidelines that apply to the design of performance measures Calculate and use common short-term financial performance measures
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Learning Objectives (2 of 3)
Explain why management should focus on long-run performance Describe factors to consider when selecting nonfinancial performance measures Clarify why it is necessary to use multiple performance measures Explain how a balanced scorecard is used to measure performance
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Learning Objectives (3 of 3)
Describe the difficulties in measuring the performance of multinational firms Define compensation strategy and explain the factors to be considered in designing the compensation plan
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Mission Statement Expresses the organization’s purposes
Identifies how the organization will meets its customers’ needs through products or services Communicates organizational purpose and intentions to employees Provides a basis for setting organizational strategy
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Values Statements Reflects the organization’s culture
Identifies fundamental beliefs about what is important to the organization
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Use Performance Measures to
Assess organizational performance Relate missions and goals to managerial performance Foster growth of subordinate managers Motivate managers Enhance organizational communication Evaluate comparative managerial performance Implement organizational control
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Designing a Performance Measurement System
Assess progress toward goals and objectives Awareness of and participation in developing measures Appropriate skills, equipment, information, and authority to achieve goals and objectives Timely and useful feedback Able to adapt to changing environment
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Short-Term Financial Performance Measures
Divisional profits Achievement of budget objectives Variances from budget or standard Cash flow - Statement of Cash Flows shows sources and uses of cash quality of earnings
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Evaluating Responsibility Centers
Cost Center Variances from budgeted costs Revenue Center Compare budget to actual revenue Profit and Investment Centers Revenue and expense variances Net cash flow Return on investment Residual income Economic value added
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Short-run vs. Long-term Objectives
Short-run Objectives Effective and efficient management of Operating activities Financing activities Investing activities Long-term Objectives Investments in resources Enhance competitive position through customer satisfaction
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Nonfinancial Measurements
Can be clearly articulated and defined Are relevant to the objective Can trace responsibility Rely on valid data Have set objectives Have established internal and/or external benchmarks
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Multiple Performance Measures
Cost of quality Prevention Appraisal Internal failure External failure Lead time – how quickly customers receive their goods Activity-based management Throughput
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Balanced Scorecard Measures
Financial Shareholder-relevant issues Profitability Organizational growth Market price of stock Customer Lead time Quality Service Price Financial Customer Internal Business Learning and Growth
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Balanced Scorecard Measures
Financial Customer Internal Business Learning and Growth Internal Business Quality Cycle efficiency Time to market On-time delivery Learning and Growth Number of patents or copyrights Percentage of R&D projects that are patentable Time of R&D from conception to commercialization
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Multinational Performance Measures
Flexible performance measures should recognize differences in sales volumes, accounting standards, economic conditions, and risks use qualitative measures such as market share, quality improvements, inventory management improvements, new product development
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Traditional Compensation Strategy
Top managers salary and significant financial incentives Middle managers salary and raises based on performance and bonuses Workers wages and small bonuses
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Pay-for-Performance Plans
Correlation with organization goals Maximization of shareholder wealth Appropriate time horizon Long-run perspective Reward with stock or stock options Subunit mission Age of employee Balance of group and individual benefits
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Profit Sharing Contingent on organizational success
Current and/or deferred incentives in form of cash or stock Allocated among employees based on personal performance measures seniority team performance managerial judgment specified formulas Profit Sharing
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Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)
Profit-sharing compensation invested in company stock More valuable as company stock price increases Employees lose some or all benefits if company goes bankrupt
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Global Compensation Expatriate compensation
Domestic base salary and fringe benefits plus adjustments for cost of living - housing, education, security, spouse’s loss of employment currency fluctuations tax implications retirement benefits in home currency
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Questions What are some short-term financial performance measures for investment centers? What factors should be considered when selecting nonfinancial performance measures? How is the balanced scorecard used to measure performance?
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