1. Adolescent Brain Development Part 1 By Lori Hoisington Family Impact Seminar April 7, 2015

2. The goal of this presentation is to help you become a more informed consumer of neuroscience research

3. The Brain the way we see it with MRI Basic components of the brain include gray matter, white matter, meninges and cerebral spinal fluid.

4. Gray and white matter

5. The Neuron Gray matter includes cell bodies of neurons along with fibers that extend from them. Communication between neurons occurs through synapses (relays).

6. Use it or lose it As the brain develops, synapses that are “exercised” by experience are strengthened, and synapses that are not used are pruned. Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience (DTI) University of Florida (2015)

7. The adolescent brain Gray matter volume is highest in early adolescence. This is largely due to overproduction of synapses. Different parts of the cerebral cortex mature at different rates Areas of the brain that control senses and movement mature first Areas of the brain that control executive function (impulses, planning ahead) mature last Development continues through the early-to-mid twenties (including abilities for reasoning and judgment)

8. Myelination Fatty substance that coats the axons of nerve cells Occurs in the most primitive areas of the brain first, and the frontal lobes last Increases the speed that signal transmits between neurons (up to 100x)

9. Prefrontal Cortex The prefrontal cortex in adolescents is not fully myelinated This area is responsible for executive function Incomplete myelination in the prefrontal cortex might explain why adolescents are sometime impulsive and unable to inhibit inappropriate behavior Excess synapses combined with incomplete myelination may lead to inappropriate behavior and difficulty with reasoning

10. Adolescent vs. adult brain The adolescent brain is less developed compared to the adult brain. Adolescents process information differently. Not as capable of understanding and processing mistakes or learning from experience Reduced ability to engage in logical reasoning, control impulses or accurately interpret reactions of others More susceptible to peer pressure and other environmental influences Higher risk for reckless and sensation-seeking behavior More likely to become involved in criminal activity

11. The Adolescent Brain The prefrontal cortex (“executive brain”) continues to develop through early adulthood. Until then, other parts of the brain compete for control of responses to sensory input. This often leads to undesirable behavior and consequences for adolescents. Ventral Striatum Prefrontal Cortex Amygdala Cerebellum Corpus Callosum

12. The reward system and risk taking The adolescent brain reflects competition between the reward system vs. the cognitive system Reward system activates more rapidly Cognitive system continues to develop into the early to mid twenties The presence of peers doubles the number of risks teenagers take, but there is no impact in adult behavior (Steinberg, The Daily Circuit)

13. Adolescent emotions The emotional center (amygdala) matures before the cognitive center (frontal lobes) in the adolescent This may explain why adolescents respond more emotionally to situations compared to adults Adult responses are more intellectual, while adolescent responses are more reactive

14. Processing emotions When processing emotions, adolescents rely more on the Amygdala (left) while adults rely more on the frontal cortex (right) Frontline” Inside the Teenage Brain (2002)

15. Dopamine Dopamine is a naturally-occurring substance in the human brain It is necessary for focusing attention – even more so when an individual is presented with conflicting options Without sufficient dopamine, it is difficult for adolescents to reflect on available options and they often act on impulse In early adolescence, dopamine levels in the frontal lobes are low Dopamine levels in the frontal lobes increase throughout adolescence

16. Question Do privileges afforded to youth match youth competencies according to brain science? Youth Competency is a measure of whether youth can contextualize their actions Competency is an assumed requirement in order for youth to change the course of their behavior

17. Problem Historically, an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been executed in the U.S. Execution of juvenile offenders was ruled unconstitutional in 2005 (Roper vs. Simmons) Numerous juvenile offenders still reside on Death Row Over 2500 juvenile offenders have been sentenced to LWOP Sentencing practices are under examination to determine the fate of these individuals

18. Landmark decisions Roper v Simmons (2005) abolished the death penalty for juvenile offenders under 18 Graham v Florida (2010) - juvenile offenders cannot be sentenced to mandatory life without parole for non-homicide offenses. Miller v Alabama and Jackson v Hobbs (2012) - high court - a state cannot impose a life-without-parole sentence for juvenile homicide offenders on a mandatory basis. MI, MN, PA, LA have not applied the decision retroactively

19. Moving forward Developmental science should inform the way we manage juvenile offenders Criminal culpability Competence to stand trial Consequences of punitive sanctions on adolescent development and behavior Restorative justice Assumes culpability and focuses on restitution and citizenship Juvenile offenders should not be managed the same as adults in the criminal justice system

20. Thank You!

21. Contact Information hoising1@hdfs.msu.edu (517) 749-4233 http://hdfs.msu.edu/people/specialists-and-fixed-term- faculty/hoisington-lori-phd