3. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

4. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

5. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

6. Erie Canal System

7. Canals in Early America DeWitt ClintonDeWitt Clinton Results: New York becomes the most populated state (until WWII!!!!)Results: New York becomes the most populated state (until WWII!!!!) PA Canal (not so lucky!!!!)PA Canal (not so lucky!!!!)

8. Take Five… What is the purpose of a canal? What invention makes canals useful and profitable?What is the purpose of a canal? What invention makes canals useful and profitable?

9. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

10. Principal Canals in 1840

11. Inland Freight Rates

12. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

13. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

15. The Industrial Revolution Shift from self-sufficiency to a specialized interdependent economy Reasons for the industrial revolution High labor costs Inventors Oliver Evans, Eli Whitney, Peter Cooper Abundant natural resources Water, Coal, Lumber etc.

16. Resourcefulness & Experimentation p Americans were willing to try anything. p They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “ “ “

17. Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

18. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

19. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

20. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

21. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

22. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

23. Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

24. The Industrial Revolution (con’t) EntrepreneursPiracy Samuel Slater, John and Arthur Schofield, Francis Cabot Lowell CapitalBanks Protective tariffs

25. Changes in the textile industry Cottage industry Factories Emerging urban industrial working class British monopoly Mill towns Slater mills Lowell mills Lowell girls Child labor

26. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

27. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

28. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

29. New England Dominance in Textiles

30. The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)—ruling in favor of workers!! Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

32. Regional Specialization EAST  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

33. American Population Centers in 1820

34. American Population Centers in 1860

35. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now?

36. Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

37. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

38. ECONOMIC? SOCIAL? POLITICAL? FUTURE PROBLEMS?