1. What is the Rock Cycle?

2. The Rock Cycle  Defined: The process by which all rocks on Earth are formed and how basic Earth materials are recycled over time  Note: A very, very long time

3. The Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock Igneous Rock

4. Three main types of rock on Earth  Igneous Rock: Forms from molten rock that cools and hardens either above or below Earth surface  Two Types: Intrusive/Extrusive  Sedimentary Rock: formed either by pieces of rock being bound together or by chemical precipitation  Two types: Clastic/Non clastic  Metamorphic Rock: Form when any type of rock is altered by the effects of heat, pressure, or chemical action  Two Types: Foliated/ unfoliated

5. Watch the Video and fill in this Chart!  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7YQ5vwaL98 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7YQ5vwaL98

6. Why does the Rock Cycle even exist?  DENSITY (again)  When rock is heated up and melted inside the Earth, it becomes hot liquid (magma) hot liquids are less dense then solid rock.  The magma moves up through any cracks or openings (volcanoes, fissures) until it reaches the surfaces. Then spreads out, cools, and turns solid.

7. Why does the Rock Cycle even exist? Cont’d  After rock is formed, one of two things will occur.  1. Rock will begin to erode into small sediments and settle somewhere else on Earth’s surface (sedimentary)  2. That rock will cool, turn solid, and become more dense, where over a long time period, will begin to sink.  Thus causing a cycle!

8. Next time we will introduce Igneous Rocks, their formation, and types

9. IGNEOUS ROCKS  Igneous Rock: Forms from molten rock that cools and hardens either above or below Earth surface.  Igneous rocks are often defined by texture and chemical composition.

10. Igneous Rocks  Identification of igneous rocks factors  Texture: The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance. (Simply what the rock type looks and feels like)  mineral and chemical composition:  What minerals does the rock consist of?

11. Igneous Rocks  Igneous Rocks are made from volcanic activity and form when magma or lava cools  Magma: Hot molten material INSIDE of the Earth’s surface  Lava: Hot molten material OUTSIDE of the Earth’s surface  MAJOR ELEMENTS PRESENT IN MAGMA  Oxygen, Aluminum, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, and Sodium.

12. Igneous Rocks by Physical and Chemical Characteristics  Intrusive Igneous Rocks:  Course-grained igneous rock that cools slowly beneath the Earth’s surface.  Extrusive Igneous Rocks  Fine-grained igneous rocks that cool quickly on Earths surface overnight

13. Intrusive Igneous Rock  Cools and turns solid very, very slowly below the Earths surface. Typically have large crystals present in the rock due to the slow cooling process.

14. Intrusive Igneous Rocks Granite is a coarse-grained, light colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains mainly quartz and feldspar minerals. The specimen above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Diorite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock that contains a mixture of feldspar, pyroxene, hornblende and sometimes quartz. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.

15. Extrusive Igneous Rocks Fined grained (smooth) rock that cools quickly on Earth's surface. Cools quickly due to exposure to the atmosphere, interaction with water, etc.

16. Extrusive Igneous Rocks Basalt is a fine-grained, dark-colored extrusive igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene. The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Hawaiian Islands Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.

17. Identifying Igneous Rock by Color  FELSIC and MAFIC Igneous Rock  Felsic: Light-colored Igneous Rocks. They are light in color due the minerals Feldspar and Silica being present in the mineral  Mafic: Igneous Rocks that are dark in color due to the presence of Magnesium and Iron

18. Overview of Identification of Igneous Rocks IDENTIFICATIONDEFINITIONEXAMPLES IntrusiveCools and turns solid very, very slowly below the Earths surface. Typically have large crystals present in the rock due to the slow cooling process. Granite Diorite ExtrusiveFined grained (smooth) rock that cools quickly on Earth's surface Basalt Obsidian MaficIgneous Rocks that are dark in color due to the presence of Magnesium and Iron Obsidian Basalt FelsicLight-colored Igneous Rocks. They are light in color due the minerals Feldspar and Silica being present in the mineral Granite Diorite

19. Regents Scheme for Identifying Igneous Rocks

20. Sedimentary Rocks 2 nd most Abundant type of rock in the Earth system.

21. Sedimentary Rocks  Defined:  Rocks formed either by rock fragments or organic matter being bound together or by chemical precipitation.

22. Formation of Sedimentary Rock  Very cool process  Sedimentary rocks formed over millions of years. The form through a variety of processes beginning with Weathering and Erosion  Step one.  Weathering: General process where rocks are broken down at Earths surface to produce sediment particles  Erosion: The process of individual sediments being carried down hill.

23. Two Types of Weathering  Physical and Chemical  Physical: occurs when solid rock is broken into smaller pieces by mechanical process that does not change the chemicals in the rock  Chemical: Occurs when the minerals in a rock are chemical altered or disolved

24. Examples of physical weathering

25. Examples of Chemical Weathering

26. Formation of Sedimentary Rock Weathering occurs when either rain, Ice, wind, or water, breaks down solid rock over time into small, individual sediments Erosion: Sediments are carried from high energy to low energy areas. Typically occurs by water transporting the sediment down hill. Also by wind.

27. Transportation and Deposition  Step two:  Transportation: currents of wind and water or the moving ice of glaciers transport sediment to new locations down hill or down stream.  Deposition: Occurs when sediment particles settle out as wind dies down, water currents slow, or glacier edges melt.

29. Step 3: Compaction and Cementation  Compaction: Process of sediments building up in layers on top of each other over time  Cementation: hardening of clastic sediments by the precipitation of mineral matter in the pore spaces. It is the last stage in the formation of a sedimentary rock.

31. Two Main Types of sedimentary Rock  Clastic or Non-Clastic  Clastic Sedimentary Rock-Made of small pieces of other types of rocks (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary). And are cemented together after deposition.  Non-clastic sedimentary rock: Non-clastic sedimentary rocks form from the precipitation (Precipitation is the separating of a solid from a solution) of minerals from ocean water or from the breakdown of the shells and bones of sea creatures.

32. Examples of Clastic Sedimentary Rock Sandstone: a clastic sedimentary rock made up mainly of sand-size weathering debris Conglomerate: a clastic sedimentary rock that contains large rounded clasts. generally filled with smaller particles and/or a chemical cement that binds the rock together. sedimentary rock Shale: a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles that we commonly call "mud". sedimentary rock

33. Examples of Non- Clastic Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters. It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris. It can also be a chemical sedimentary rock formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lake or ocean water.sedimentary rockcalcite Rock Salt is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the evaporation of ocean or saline lake waters. It is also known by the mineral name "halite". It is rarely found at Earth's surface, except in areas of very arid climate. It is often mined for use in the chemical industry or for use as a winter highway treatment.

34. ESRT Scheme for Identifying Sedimentary Rocks

35. Last but Not Least, Metamorphic Rock  Defined:  form when any rock is changed by the effects of heat, pressure, or chemical action.  Two types of Metamorphism  Regional or Contact  Metamorphic rocks are typically characterized as:  unfoliated or foliated.

36. Metamorphic Rock  Metamorphic rocks form from either Igneous or Sedimentary rocks that are effected by pressure and heat within the Earths surface.

37. Metamorphic Rock  New types of Metamorphic rock are formed depending on the amount of heat and pressure present around the rock.  Example: Sedimentary Rock – Shale

38. Regional Metamorphism

39. Contact Metamorphism  When molten rock come into contact with local rocks in a small area

40. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks  Foliated Metamorphic Rock  Definition:  Metamorphic rocks whose minerals are squeezed together under high pressure and arranged in wavy layers or bands  Examples: Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains. It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals. Schist is metamorphic rock with well developed foliation. It often contains significant amounts of mica which allow the rock to split into thin pieces

41. Joke of the day…. If it looks nice, it is probably Gneiss… If it looks like Schist, it is probably Schist…. Get it???  One more Example…. Slate is a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock that is created by the alteration of shale or mudstone by low-grade regional metamorphism

42. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks  Definition:  Metamorphic rock that lacks mineral grains that are banded.  Examples Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone Quartzite is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced by the metamorphism of sandstone.