2. Nineteenth-Century Progress Inventions to Make Life Easier

3. Find one invention from the nineteenth century that you think is interesting. (only get a few minutes to do this)

4. Setting the Stage Scientific discoveries push the knowledge frontiers New kinds of energy: – Gasoline – Electricity – Hydrogen First used as a fuel source in 1806 Used to power one of the first cars

5. Who invented the hydrogen powered car? When was it invented?

6. Inventions to Make Life Easier Thomas Edison – Patented more than 1000 inventions – Light bulb Direct current (DC) – Created a research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey Most of his inventions were created here Worked with Lewis H. Latimer, an African American inventor

7. Who was Edison’s greatest rival? Name one of his other inventions.

8. Inventions to Make Life Easier Nikola Tesla (1865) – Alternating-current (AC) machinery “Tesla coil” – used for radio technology, still used today Sold patent to Westinghouse Corporation - got the contract for the Chicago World’s Fair – AC current became the best power system of the 20 th c Worldwide standard

9. What else did Tesla invent? What product do we know Tesla for today (other than AC)?

10. Inventions to Make Life Easier Alexander Graham Bell – Teacher of deaf students – Invented the telephone – Displayed at Philadelphia Centennial Exposition 1876 Guglielmo Marconi used electromagnetic waves to create the first radio – Sent messages using Morse Code without wires – Primitive radios quickly became standard equipment for ships

11. What did the first message on Bell’s telephone say?

12. Inventions to Make Life Easier Henry Ford – 1880s, German inventors powered a vehicle with gasoline – automobile – Decided to make cars that were affordable Standardized, interchangeable parts Assembly line – line of workers who each put single piece on unfinished car as it passed on moving belt

13. What did Ford charge for the FIRST cars off the assembly line? How many cars were on the road in 1913?

14. Inventions to Make Life Easier Wright Brothers – Bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio – First heavier than air aircraft to SUCCEED – Kitty Hawk, North Carolina Longest flight 59 seconds Not first in flight though – Henri Giffard - First controlled flight was a dirigible – Da Vinci was obsessed with creating a flying machine

15. What animals did Da Vinci study to inform his flying machine?

16. New Ideas in Medicine Germ Theory of Disease – Louis Pasteur (mid- 1800s) Discovered fermentation of alcohol was caused by microscopic organisms- bacteria Pasteurization kills germs in liquids

17. What is the most often consumed pasteurized drink today?

18. New Ideas in Medicine – Joseph Lister Germs explain why 50% of patients died from infection 1865 – ordered all surgical wards be kept spotless, wounds washed with antiseptic – Vaccines were found for deadly diseases People started to live longer

19. What was the percentage of patients who survived AFTER Lister made changes?

20. New Ideas in Science Mendel and Genetics – 1850s Gregor Mendel used peas to prove genetics Realized there was a pattern to the way certain traits were inherited – Different from Lamarck Said over time, species changed through behavior

21. Where was Mendel from?

22. New Ideas in Chemistry and Physics John Dalton – all matter made of tiny particles called atoms – Elements have specific weights – Compounds contain more than one element Dmitri Mendeleev – Used Dalton’s ideas to organize the periodic table – Still used today

23. What is your favorite element? What is its atomic number?

24. Marie and Pierre Curie – Discovered radium and polonium Found in pitchblende - released a powerful form of energy – Called radioactivity – 1903 shared the Nobel Prize in physics radioactivity Ernest Rutherford – atoms were not smallest particles – Nucleus surrounded by electrons New Ideas in Chemistry and Physics

25. What year did Marie Curie get the Nobel Prize for Chemistry?

26. New Ideas in Science Darwin’s Theory of Evolution – On the Origin of Species – Theory of Evolution Populations grow faster than food supply - competition Only best adapted survive Survivors produce offspring Over many generations, species change – Applied to races with Social Darwinism Reason why Europeans feel the right to colonize other countries

27. What was the name of Darwin’s ship? What was his occupation on the ship?

29. Social Sciences Explore Behavior (and borrow from the Hard Sciences) Psychology - Study of human mind and behavior – Ivan Pavlov Actions were unconscious reactions to experiences Training could change them – Sigmund Freud Unconscious mind drives actions Psychoanalysis – looks at psychological conflicts due to suppressed memories, desires, and impulses

30. Were you expecting a question here? According to Pavlov, what is it called when you are expecting something to happen and react?

31. The Rise of Mass Culture Changes produce mass culture – Appeal of art, writing, music, and other forms of entertainment to a larger audience – Goods cheaper, easier for more people to buy

32. The Rise of Mass Culture Music Halls and Vaudeville – Vaudeville acts - variety shows that traveled from town to town Movies – 1880s - moving images – Edison succeeded – 1900s, producing feature films

33. The Rise of Mass Culture Sports Entertain Millions – Spectator sports now entertainment – US: football and baseball grew quickly in popularity – Europe: Soccer and Cricket drew huge crowds – Olympic Games 1896 Revived the Greek tradition First games took place in Athens, Greece again Athletics Cyclying Fencing Gymnastics Shooting Swimming Tennis Weightlifting Wrestling Greco-Roman