1. Monday, November 2 Objective: Explain and apply concepts and terms related to motivation and emotion

2. Motivation

3. A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

4. Historic Explanations: Instincts

5. Instinct A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species William James listed 37 instincts. Difficulty using instincts to both label and explain behaviors

6. Historic Explanations: Drives

7. Drives Aroused tension states created by imbalances Prompt an organism to restore the balance, typically reducing the drive Part of drive-reduction theory

8. Drive-Reduction Theory The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Eating and drinking are examples of drive-reducing behaviors.

9. Drive-Reduction Theory

10. Biological Explanations: Arousal Theories

11. Arousal Levels of alertness and responsiveness

12. Yerkes-Dodson Law The theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance, but only to a point Optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the task. Each person has an optimum level of stimulation they like to maintain.

13. Yerkes-Dodson Law

14. Biological Explanations: Homeostasis

15. Homeostasis A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Any change in levels, up or down, results in being motivated to bring the level back to normal.

16. Homeostatic Regulation

17. Cognitive Explanations: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

18. Extrinsic Motivation A desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment

19. Intrinsic Motivation A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

20. Clinical Explanations: Hierarchy of Needs

21. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs

22. Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s pyramid of human needs beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher level safety needs become active. Continually higher-level needs won’t become active until lower-level needs have been satisfied.

23. Self-Actualization According to Maslow, the need to realize our full and unique potential

24. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

25. Achievement Motivation A desire for significant accomplishment A desire for the mastery of things, people, or ideas A desire for attaining a high standard

26. Tuesday, November 3 Objective: Explain and apply concepts and terms related to motivation and emotion

27. Emotion

28. Emotions Whole-organism responses, involving: –Physiological arousal –Expressive behaviors –Conscious experience

29. Debates in Emotion Research Which comes first, physiological arousal or the subjective experience of an emotion? Can we react emotionally before appraising a situation, or does thinking always precede emotion?

30. The Expression of Emotion: Nonverbal Communication

31. Nonverbal Communication Communicating feelings without words: --Facial expressions –Tone of voice –Hand gestures Also called “body language”

32. The Expression of Emotion: Gender and Cultural Effects on Emotion

33. Gender Effects Women are better at reading nonverbal communication of emotions. Women tend to express emotions more than men do.

34. Display Rules The cultural rules governing how and when a person may express emotion Rules greatly vary from culture to culture.

35. Facial Expressions Paul Ekman studied facial expressions in an attempt to determine if they are inborn or culturally based.

36. Theories of Emotion: Historical Approaches

37. Common Sense Theory Emotion-arousing stimulus leads to a conscious feeling (fear, anger) and a physiological response. Seeing an angry dog triggers feelings of fear and physical responses such as trembling.

38. James-Lange Theory The theory that we experience emotion because we are aware of our bodily response to an emotion-arousing stimulus Our awareness of the physiological reaction leads to our experience of an emotion.

40. Cannon-Bard Theory The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of an emotion.

42. Theories of Emotion: Cognition and Emotion

43. Cognitive Appraisal One’s thoughts about a situation How a person interprets a situation in the environment

44. Two-Factor Theory The theory that to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and must cognitively label the arousal Emotions involve two factors: –A physiological arousal –A cognitive label of the arousal Also called the Schachter- Singer Theory Stanley Schachter

45. Theories of Emotions Review

46. Thursday, November 5 Objective: Understand terms and theories associated with personality; understand defense mechanisms

47. Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives on Personality

48. Personality Individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

49. The Psychodynamic Perspective

50. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Founder of psychoanalysis Proposed the first complete theory of personality A person’s thoughts and behaviors emerge from tension generated by unconscious motives and unresolved childhood conflicts.

51. Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory of personality Also a therapeutic technique that attempts to provide insight into one’s thoughts and actions Does so by exposing and interpreting the underlying unconscious motives and conflicts

52. Psychodynamic Perspective View of personality that retains some aspects of Freudian theory but rejects other aspects Retains the importance of the unconscious thought processes Less likely to see unresolved childhood conflicts as a source of personality development

53. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Freud’s View of the Mind

54. Free Association Method of exploring the unconscious in which the person person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

55. Conscious Mind The thoughts and feelings one is currently aware of

56. Preconscious Mind Region of the mind holding information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness Holds thoughts and memories not in one’s current awareness but can easily be retrieved

57. Unconscious Mind Region of the mind that is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

58. The Mind According to Freud

59. The Psychodynamic Perspective: The Id, Ego, and Superego

60. Freud’s Concept of the “Id” The part of personality that consists of unconscious, psychic energy Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives Operates on the “pleasure principle” - demanding immediate gratification Is present from birth

61. Freud’s Concept of the “Superego” The part of personality that consists of internalized ideals and standards One’s conscience; focuses on what the person “should” do

62. Freud’s Concept of the “Ego” Largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality Operates on the reality principle - satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

63. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Defense Mechanisms

64. Defense Mechanisms In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

65. Repression Puts anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind The basis for all other defense mechanisms

66. Regression Allows an anxious person to retreat to a more comfortable, infantile stage of life

67. Denial Lets an anxious person refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening

68. Reaction Formation Reverses an unacceptable impulse, causing the person to express the opposite of the anxiety-provoking, unconscious feeling

69. Projection Disguises threatening feelings of guilty anxiety by attributing the problems to others

70. Rationalization Displaces real, anxiety-provoking explanations with more comforting justifications for one’s actions

71. Displacement Shifts an unacceptable impulse toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

72. Defense Mechanisms

73. Friday, November 6 Objective: Understand defense mechanisms Assignment: Identify the defense mechanism in the Friends episode

74. Friends Episode

75. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

76. Psychosexual Stages In Freudian theory, the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on different parts of the body The stages include: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital A person can become “fixated” or stuck at a stage, leading to problems as an adult

77. Oral Stage Pleasure comes from chewing, biting, and sucking. Weaning can be a conflict at this stage.

78. Freud’s Stages of Development

79. Anal Stage Gratification comes from bowel and bladder functions. Potty training can be a conflict at this stage.

80. Freud’s Stages of Development

81. Phallic Stage The pleasure zone shifts to the genitals. Boys cope with incestuous feelings toward their mother and rival feelings toward their dad (Oedipus conflict).

82. Freud’s Stages of Development

83. Latency Stage Sexual feelings are dormant. Child identifies with and tries to mimic the same sex parent to learn gender identity.

84. Freud’s Stages of Development

85. Genital Stage Begins at puberty with the maturation of sexual interests

86. Freud’s Stages of Development

87. Monday, November 9 Objective: Understand the differences between personality theories and personality tests

88. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Neo-Freudians

89. Neo-Freudians Followers of Freud’s theories but developed theories of their own in areas where they disagreed with Freud Include Adler, Jung, and Horney

90. Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Neo-Freudian who thought social tensions were more important than sexual tensions in the development of personality Believed psychological problems were the result of feelings of inferiority

91. Inferiority Complex According to Adler, a condition that comes from being unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings

92. Carl Jung (Yoong)(1875-1961) Neo-Freudian who believed that humans share a collective unconscious

93. Collective Unconscious Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our ancestors Information everyone knows from birth Archetypes – universal symbols found in stories, myths, and art

94. Karen Horney (HORN-eye)(1885-1952) Neo-Freudian who found psychoanalysis negatively biased toward women Believed cultural/social variables are the foundation of personality development

95. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Assessing Personality

96. Projective Tests Personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of one’s inner thoughts and feelings Include: –Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) –Rorschach Inkblot Test

97. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes The person makes up a story of a picture they are shown

98. Rorschach Inkblot Test Personality test that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of 10 inkblots Most widely used personality test

99. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Evaluating the Perspective

100. Updating Freud’s Theory Most psychodynamic psychologists agree: –Sex is not the basis of personality. –People do not “fixate” at various stages of development. –Much of a person’s mental life is unconscious. –People struggle with inner conflicts, and childhood experiences shape us.

101. The Humanistic Perspective

102. Humanistic Psychology Perspective that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and capacity for personal growth Studies fulfilled and healthy individuals rather than troubled people

103. The Humanistic Perspective: Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach

104. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Humanistic psychologist who stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, and empathy in fostering human growth

105. Unconditional Positive Regard According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

106. Genuineness Freely expressing one’s feelings and not being afraid to disclose details about oneself

107. Empathy Sharing thoughts and understanding Listening and reflecting the other person’s feelings

108. Evaluating Humanism Humanism has influenced therapy, child-rearing, and the workplace Laid the foundation for positive psychology