1. THE ASIAN SUB-CONTINENT Holy Mountain and Sacred Womb Module 1 Architectural History 1

2. Indus Valley Civilizations: 6000 BC Over 100 sites discovered in 1920s Major Cities: –Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Grids of criss-crossing streets, Walled and towered citadel on a platform mud brick Assembly hall, granaries and baths No temples or tombs found Script not yet deciphered Module 1 Architectural History 2

4. “Great Baths”, Mohenjo-Daro Module 1 Architectural History 4

5. Borobodur Temple, Java Borobodur Temple, Java Module 1 Architectural History 5

6. Hoysalesvara Temple Halebid, Mysore India 14 th century Module 1 Architectural History 6

7. Hoysalesvara Temple Halebid, Mysore India 14 th century Module 1 Architectural History 7

8. Buddha figures, Gal Vihara, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka Module 1 Architectural History 8

9. Great Stupa, Sanchi, India 1 st century AC Module 1 Architectural History 9

10. Swayambhunath Stupa, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal 400 AD Module 1 Architectural History 10

11. Rock-cut chaitya hall, Karli, Deccan, India 78 BC Module 1 Architectural History 11

12. Rock-cut chaitya hall, Karli, Deccan, India Rock-cut chaitya hall, Karli, Deccan, India Module 1 Architectural History 12

13. Kailasa Temple Ellora, India 750 – 950 AD Module 1 Architectural History 13 Cut out of the hillside

14. Rathas, Mahabalipuram Madras India 7 th - 8 th centuries Module 1 Architectural History 14 Cut from single blocks of granite

15. Break-time 15 Next: The Asian Sub-Continent The history of architecture is also a history of the relationship between architects and patrons

16. CHINA AND JAPAN Puzzles and Modules Module 1 Architectural History 16

17. Pottery Model of House+Granary These tomb models give an idea of early Chinese wooden architecture Module 1 Architectural History 17

18. Ise Shrine, Japan To the sun-goddess of the pantheistic Shinto religion Module 1 Architectural History 18

19. Himeji Castle, “the white heron” Hyogo Prefecture, Japan 1570AD Module 1 Architectural History 19

20. Himeji Castle, “the white heron” Hyogo Prefecture, Japan 1570AD Module 1 Architectural History 20

21. Ming Tomb Gates Triumphal arches used as city gates Module 1 Architectural History 21

22. Foguang Temple, Mt Wutai, Shanxi Province, China c.857 This shows the three basic elements of Chinese and Japanese buildings: a raised platform, a frame wall and a roof Module 1 Architectural History 22

23. Kuo-tung bracket cluster Extending the eaves without cluttering the interior with columns. Module 1 Architectural History 23

24. Kasuga Shrine Nara, Japan c.768 Module 1 Architectural History 24

25. Ayuwang Temple, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province China Altering the angle of the brackets made the undulating swags of Chinese roofs possible. Module 1 Architectural History 25

26. Songyue Temple Pagoda, Mount Song Henan Province, China 520 AD We can trace the evolution of the pagoda through three examples. The 12-sided Songyue Pagoda is the oldest surviving brick building in China 520 AD. It is very reminiscent of an Indian temple. Module 1 Architectural History 26 fig64

27. Kaiyuan Temple Pagoda, Dingxian, Hebei Province, China 1001-1050 AD This lighthouse-like Song dynasty Enemy Observation Pagoda is a watchtower for the frontier between the Liao and Song territories. Module 1 Architectural History 27 fig65

28. Sakyamuni Pagoda, 1056 AD Yingxian, Shanxi province, An octagonal plan, wooden pagoda with an uneven number of floors. Pagodas were shrines attached to Buddhist monasteries with a giant image and hollow above. Module 1 Architectural History 28 fig66

29. Chinese cardinal directions The Indian sikhara had the mystical significance as a vertical axis round which the cosmos turned. The Chinese cosmic axis was horizontal. The 24 points of the compass had separate identities linked with colour, animal symbols and seasons; eg. Black stood for North, winter and night – evil comes out of the North Diviners were used to site a house, grave or town using Feng-shui. Module 1 Architectural History 29

30. Great Wall of China Emperor Ch’in Shih Huang connected all the walls used by feuding neighbouring clans against each other Module 1 Architectural History 30 fig67

31. Beijing In 1552, Ming emperors built a 15 km wall with 7 gates around the city. This gave the city its 4 walled enclosures. The Temple of Heaven was within the walls Module 1 Architectural History 31

32. Beijing’s Forbidden City You enter the Gate of Heavenly Peace Tian An Men into a square which is the courtyard to the Imperial City. Then you enter the Meridian Gate Module 1 Architectural History 32

33. Meridian Gate, Imperial City You cross the horseshoe canal by one of five bridges to the gate-house building guarded by great bronze dog-lions Module 1 Architectural History 33

34. Summer Palace The palace building is geometrical and formal; the garden is free... a miniature version of nature... mountains reduced to rocks, forests to plants Module 1 Architectural History 34

35. Phoenix Hall, 11 th century Byodon Temple, Uji, near Kyoto, Japan This was the highest architectural expression of the import of Chinese Buddhism in 1 st to 5 th century. Module 1 Architectural History 35

36. East Pagoda, Yakushi-ji Temple, Nara, Japan 680 AD Module 1 Architectural History 36

37. Horyu-ji Temple Nara, Japan 670-714 AD Module 1 Architectural History 37

38. Golden Pavilion, Kinkaku-ji Kitayama Palace, Kyoto 1297 AD Module 1 Architectural History 38

41. Ritual of Blood Meso-America Aztec God-Quezalcoatl

42. Charles I of Spain Sixteenth Century 42

43. Montezuma II greets Hernando Cortez 43

44. 44

45. Temple-Pyramid I Tikal, Guatemala Two classical Meso-American architectural forms: the pyramid and the ball-court 45

46. Temple Pyramid I,c.687-730 Tikal, Guatemala 46 A bloody sacrifice of human heart is offered to the god Huitzoilophochtli

47. Temple of Quetzalcoatl & Ballcourt Aztec Tenochitiltlan 47

48. Quetzalcoatl temple 48

49. Ball Court c.900-1200 Maya Site of Chichén Itzá, Yucatan, Mexico 49

50. 50 Ball Court c.900-1200 Maya Site of Chichén Itzá, Yucatan, Mexico

51. Carved Stone Ring, Great Ball Court, Chichén Itzá, Mexico 51

52. Stone Lintel in Yaxchilan terraces of the Usumacinta River (ca. A.D. 600-900) and its well preserved temples Maya King named Shield Jaguar being armed for battle One of the 59 sculptured stone lintels from Yaxchilan, Mexico c.600-900 52

53. Tezontle A local volcanic red-dull pumice stone used so that the city foundation will not sink into the soft grounds in Mexico 53

54. Pyramid Temple of Santa Cecilia, c. 500-900 near Mexico City Unearthed in good condition by archeologist 54

55. Caracol Observatory, c. 9000 Chichen Itza 55

56. Caracol Observatory, c. 9000 Chichen Itza 56

57. Site Plan 57

58. 58

59. 59

60. Originally supporting the roof of the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, Tula Mexico. C. 700 Warrior Columns with Butterfly Breastplates 60

61. Warrior Columns with Butterfly Breastplates 61

62. 62 Warrior Columns with Butterfly Breastplates

63. Roof Comb, the Cresteria Temple of the Sun, c.700 Palenque, Mexico

65. Plan of the North Acropolis, c.100 BC- c.730AD Tikal, Guatemala 65

66. Turtle House, c.600-900Uxmal, Yucatan Mexico 66

67. Palace of the Governor c.600-900 Uxmal,Yucatan, Mexico 67

68. 68

69. El Castillo, Chichen Itza c. 1000 Mexico 69

70. Pyramid of the Niches El Tajin, c.500-600 Mexico 70

71. Machu Picchu, c.1500 Peru 71

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76. 76

77. 77 Library References 1. A History of Architecture, Spiro Kostof, Oxford University Press (slides 5, 14, 16, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31) 2. Architecture from Prehistory to Post-Modernism, Marvin Trachtenburg & Isabelle Hyman, Prentice-Hall, Inc. (slides 10, 12, 13) 3. Architecture, the Natural and the Manmade, Vincent Scully, St. Martin’s Press (slides 1, 5, 15, 19, 25, 28) 4. Pyramids, Great Mysteries, Opposing Viewpoints, Barbara Mitchell, Greenhaven Press, Inc. (slide 21, 22) On line: On line: http://www.egyptbot.com/(Gov’t of Egypt) http://www.egyptbot.com/ http://www.historylink101.com/ancient_egypt/ancient_egypt_maps.htm