1. A2 Psychology of Sport Self confidence Booklet 4 Skills Working as a team Complete green group tasks Working as an individual Complete yellow individual tasks

2. Buzz words Self confidence Self efficacy Vealey Bandura Performance accomplishments Vicarious experiences Verbal persuasion Emotional arousal

3. Lesson objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to To understand the definition of self confidence (Vealey) and self efficacy (Bandura) To understand Vealey’s model of sports confidence To understand the influences of performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion and emotional arousal To understand how to apply practical examples to theory

4. Self-Confidence “The most consistent difference between elite and less successful athletes is that elite athletes possess greater self- confidence.” (Gould et al)

5. SELF-CONFIDENCE arouses positive emotions allows the athlete to remain calm under pressure be assertive when required facilitates concentration enables focus on the important aspects of a task enables the setting of challenging but realistic goals increases effort affects game strategies a confident player plays to win even if it means taking risks affects psychological momentum a confident athlete take each point or play at a time and never gives up even when defeat is imminent

6. Self-efficacy “Specific self-confidence. It relates to personal perception of competence in particular situations and so fluctuates greatly.” (Bonney et al)

7. Self-efficacy Self-efficacy is a micro approach to self- confidence. E.g. A player may have high self-efficacy in rugby skills but lack efficacy in racquet sports.

8. Self-efficacy Bandura claims that people with high self-efficacy like challenges and they apply effort and persevere with tasks. They associate success to factors that relate directly to themselves e.g. ability and effort. This, elevates confidence and increase expectations for the next tasks. “BELIEF”

9. Self-efficacy People with low self-efficacy avoid challenges, become anxious and associate failure with themselves.

10. Self-efficacy The level of efficacy determines efficacy expectations which can influence the choice and commitment someone makes regarding sporting activities. Efficacy expectations can be changed by 4 major types of information, which are the sub- processes in self-efficacy theory. Application of each of the four sub-processes, the coach can change the negative expectation and raise self-confidence.

11. 1. PREVIOUS ACCOMPLISHMENTS Reinforcements of past accomplishments have the most powerful effects on self-efficacy. Being reminded of ‘personal mastery’ experiences. 2. VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES Involves watching others perform the skill in question. Demonstration of the required behaviour reduces worry. Less powerful than the use of PREVIOUS ACCOMPLISHMENTS. ‘Creative imagery’ (picturing your goal) is a useful process for experienced athletes who have lost form. 3. VERBAL PERSUASION Convincing the athlete that they have the ability to overcome the problem. Can be done by the coach or often ‘positive self-talk’ by the athlete. 4. EMOTIONAL CONTROL Those lacking in efficacy may perceive increased heart and respiration rates as a symptom of apprehension and nervousness and not as a physiological preparation for action.

12. 1. Previous Accomplishments 4. Emotional control 3. Verbal persuasion 2. Vicarious experiences Efficacy Expectations Behaviour PatternsThought patterns ChoiceGoals EffortWorry PersistenceAttributions ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE

13. SPORT SPECIFIC MODEL OF SELF-CONFIDENCE (Vealey)

14. Trait Sport Confidence (SC Trait) Positive results cause the type of goal to be changed for the next performance. Positive results Increase trait confidence The Sport Situation Competitive Orientation (Type of goal) Result of performance Subjective Outcomes Perceived success Perceived attributions Performance satisfactions Performance in the Sport situation (behavioural responses) State Sport Confidence

15. EXPLANATION OF THE MODEL 1.The athlete confronts the objective sport situation (General = football match, Specific = penalty shoot out) with a degree of TRAIT SPORT CONFIDENCE.TRAIT SPORT CONFIDENCE. 2.The athlete also has a competitive orientation. This refers to the type of goal used by the performer to judge success. E.g. process or outcome goal. 3.The level of trait confidence and the type of goal to measure success interact with the sports situation. This interaction produces STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE.STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE. 4.The degree of state sport confidence helps to predict the standard of sport performance in the given situation. 5.A subjective evaluation will follow performance. This will include how the performer has interpreted success (perception), the causes of success (attributions) and performance satisfaction. 6.These subjective outcomes modify trait confidence and the nature of the goal set to measure achievement, and this is reflected in other sports.

16. TRAIT SPORT CONFIDENCE A stable characteristic of personality which is reflected by the individual in all sports situations. Hence, some performers appear to be confident in sports at all times.

17. STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE The degree of confidence in a specific sports situation. State sport confidence is the most important factor in determining the response.

18. Vealey’s sources of Sports Confidence (9): Mastery of the skill. Styling = ability to demonstrate a highly skilled performance to others. Physical and mental preparation. Accurate self-perception. Social reinforcement. Effective leadership. Vicarious experiences. Environmental comfort. E.g. a novice should not be observed when learning a new skill. Situational favourableness – if practice is going well and positive results are forthcoming, then confidence will increase.

19. LACK OF CONFIDENCE causes stress under pressure causes concentration on outside stressors –mistakes –spectators causes the setting of goals which are either too easy or too hard causes the athlete to try to avoid mistakes non-confident athletes find it difficult to reverse negative psychological momentum –once things start to go wrong –it is difficult to think positively