1. Mohammad Alipour Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch

2. It has three aspects: 1. A field: it studies the principles & procedures of design, implementation & evaluation of teaching materials. 2. A practical undertaking: it involves the production, evaluation, & adaption of teaching materials by teachers for their classes & by writers for sale or distribution. Materials development

3. 3. Teacher development: it involves the use of materials development to facilitate & deepen the personal & professional development. It ensures a match between the learners & the materials. It is also one of the most effective ways of helping teachers to understand & apply theories of language learning. It helps them theorize their practice.

4. The needs & wants of the learners primarily. Also those of the teachers. Concerns of administers for standardization & conformity. The requirements of examinations & the language policies of a government. These needs can best be satisfied by localized projects which consult learners, teachers, & administers before, during, & after the materials writing process. What should drive the materials?

5. In this process, the author is generally concerned to produce innovative & creative materials to the teachers & relevant to learner’s needs. The publisher is generally concerned with financial success. There should be a compromise between these two.

6. Commercial materials are written by professional writers for a publisher from an analysis of market needs. They very experienced & familiar with realities & new technologies. Only a small proportion of good teachers are good designers. Who should develop them?

7. They are typically developed over a long period of time by a pair or small group of writers. It is better, however, to have a large team aiming at fast first draft production by many people, followed by refinement by a smaller group of experts. How should materials be developed?

8. Advantages of building a materials development component into a program include: Relevance: materials can be produced that are directly relevant to students’ and institutional needs and that reflect local content, issues, and concerns. Develop expertise: developing materials can help develop expertise among staff, giving them a greater understanding of the characteristics of effective materials. Advantages

9. Reputation: institutionally developed materials may enhance the reputation of the institution by demonstrating its commitment to providing materials developed specifically for its students. Flexibility: materials produced within the institution can be revised or adapted as needed, giving them greater flexibility than a commercial course book.

10. Disadvantages also need to be considered before embarking on materials development. Cost: quality materials take time to produce and require staff time as well as resources needed to be allocated to such a project. Quality: teacher-made materials will not normally have the same standard of design and production as commercial materials and hence may not present the same image as commercial materials. Disadvantages

11. Testing: to prepare teachers for materials writing projects, adequate training should be provided. Materials writing is a specialized skill and potential materials writers need the opportunity to develop the necessary skills. Workshops can be developed for this purpose, as well as the creation of writing teams that contain a balance of relevant expertise.

12. Good materials do many of the things that a teacher would normally do as part of his/her teaching. They should:  Arouse the learners’ interest  Remind them of earlier learning  Tell them what they will be learning next  Explain new learning content to them  Relate these ideas to learners’ previous learning  Get learners to think about new content  Help them get feedback on their learning  Encourage them to practice  Make sure they know what they are supposed to be doing  Enable them to check their progress  Help them to do better

13. Tomlinson (1998) suggested that good language teaching materials have the following characteristics:  Should achieve impact  Should help learners feel at ease  Should help learners to develop confidence  Should be provided by learners as relevant and useful  Should require and facilitate learner’s self-investment  Should expose the learners to language in authentic use  Should provide the learners with opportunities to use the target language to achieve communicative purposes

14.  Should take into account that the positive effects of instruction are usually delayed  Should take into account that learners have different learning styles  Should take into account that learners differ in affective attitudes  Should permit a silent period at the beginning of instruction  Should maximize learning potential by encouraging intellectual, aesthetic, and emotional involvement that stimulus both right and left brain activities

15.  Should not rely too much on controlled practice  Should provide opportunities for outcome feedback  Learners must be ready to acquire the points being taught  The learners’ attention should be drown to linguistic features of the input  This may seem a somewhat cumbersome list to apply in actual practice. Any developer of teaching materials will have to develop his/her set of working principles that can be referred to in planning and assessing materials as they are written.

16. There are some processes which must be followed:  Developing aims  Developing a syllabus  Organizing the course into units  Developing a structure for units  Sequencing units Decisions in materials design

17.  When the process of writing begins, further decisions need to be made. These concern:  Choosing input and sources  Selecting exercise types

18. No matter what type of materials are being prepared decisions concerning input are involved. Input refers to anything that initiates the learning process and that students respond to in some way in using the materials. The following are examples of input questions in the design of different kinds of materials: Grammar materials: will the new grammar items be presented through the medium of text, conversational extracts, or a corpus of utterances? How will these be selected? Choosing input and sources

19. Listening materials: will the source of listening be authentic recordings taken from real-world sources, scripted materials on different topics, or a mixture of both? Reading materials: what kinds of texts will students read (such as magazine articles, newspaper articles, extracts from books), and how will these be chosen?

20. Writing materials: will students be shown examples of different types of compositions? Will these be examples of real texts or will they be specially written? Will examples of student writing also be included? If so, how will these be chosen? Speaking materials: what will the sources of speaking activities be? Will dialogues, recordings, texts, topics, pictures, situations, and so on be used, and how these will be selected?