1. A Brief History of Videogames Prof. Johansen Quijano

2. THE PREDECESSORS TO VIDEOGAMES Cathode Ray Amusement Device (1947) N.I.M.R.O.D. (1951) O.X.O. (1952) Tennis for Two (1958) Spacewar! (1961)

3. Cathode Ray Amusement Device: Missile Simulator Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann (1947)

4. N.I.M.R.O.D. Ray Redhepher(1942) Ferranti International (1951) Play NIM Online http://www.cut-the- knot.org/nim_st.shtml

5. O.X.O. Alexander S. Douglas (1952)

6. Tennis for Two William Higginbotham (1958)

7. Spacewar! Steven Russell (1961)

8. THE GOLDEN AGE OF ARCADE GAMES (1978 – 1983) Pong! (1972) Space Invaders (1978) Missile Command (1980) Pac Man (1980) Donkey Kong (1981)

9. Pong! (1972)

10. Space Invaders (1978)

11. Missile Command (1980)

12. Pac Man (1980)

13. Donkey Kong (1981)

14. THE FIRST (1972 – 1977)) AND SECOND (1977 – 1983) CONSOLE GENERATIONS CONSOLES Pong! Machines Magnavox Odyssey Fairchild Channel F Atari 2600 GAMES Adventure (1979) Custer’s Revenge (1982) Pitfall (1982)

15. FIRST GENERATION: Magnavox Odyssey

16. SECOND GENERATION: Atari 2600

17. THE GREAT VIDEOGAME CRASH OF 1983

18. VIDEOGAME CRASH OF 1983

19. THE REVIVAL OF VIDEOGAMES: THE THIRD GENERATION N.E.S. – Nintendo Entertainment System (1985) Sega Master System (1985)

20. Nintendo Entertainment System

21. Sega Master System

22. THE CONSOLE WARS: The Fourth Generation S.N.E.S. – Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990) Sega Genesis (1989) Neo Geo (1990)

23. Super Nintendo Entertainment System

24. Sega Genesis

25. Neo Geo

26. THE OPTICAL REVOLUTION: THE FIFTH GENERATION Sony Playstation (1994) Sega Saturn (1994) Nintendo 64 (1996)

27. Nintendo 64

28. Sony Playstation

29. Sega Saturn

30. THE GRAPHICAL POWERHOUSES: THE SIXTH GENERATION Sony Playstation 2 (2000) Microsoft X-Box (2001) Sega Dreamcast (1998) Nintendo Gamecube (2001)

31. Sony Playstation 2

32. Sega Dreamcast

33. The HD Consoles Seventh Generation Sony Playstation 3 (2006) Microsft X-Box 360 (2005) Nintendo Wii (2006)

34. Seventh Generation Games

35. Mobile Gaming

36. Gaming Cultures Hardware Hackers (1947) Casual Gamers [Arcade] (1972) “Game Player” (1985) “Hardcore” Gamer (2001) Casual Gamer (2008) Translation Community Modding Community Indy Development Community

37. Discussion Questions Is playing text-heavy games like Dragon Warrior, Final Fantasy, Lost Odyssey, and Phantasy Star a contemporary equivalent to reading? Why / Why not? Explain and give examples. Can we think of events that happen in a virtual space considered a story, even if there is no text or dialogue? Defend your position. Consider the impact of the different developments (hardware and software) in the video game industry. Which development do you think was the most important to the video game industry? Which development do you think was the most important for society? Defend your answer. Can video games be considered ‘art’? Defend our position. Consider the impact on gaming quality of mobile games on the industry as a whole – for example, SquareEnix, a well-known AAA JRPG developer, said that they would focus on mobile and social gaming. At the same time, more people than ever are playing games. Is the introduction of these mobile technologies a positive or negative element for the industry and for society? How does the development of mobile technologies and digital distribution compare to technological developments of print culture, such as the printing press?