1. Middle Years of the Cold War

2. Review Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam: divide Germany (and Europe)
1944-9: Greek Civil War
1948-9: Berlin Airlift
1949: NATO
1949: Soviet bomb
1949: Chinese Revolution
: Korean War

3. Nikita Khrushchev March 1953: Stalin Died
1956: Khrushchev became premier
“Secret Speech of 1956”
Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s terror
Denounced Stalin’s crimes against socialism
Set stage for de-Stalinization of USSR
Created hope for openness in eastern Europe

4. 1956: Suez Crisis
Background: UK controlled Suez Canal through leases since 1875
Revolutionary Abdul Nasser moved Egypt toward left in early 1950s
Soviet-supported Egypt recognized PRC and then nationalized canal.
UK, France joined Israel in attacking Egypt, seizing canal
UN, with US and USSR, forced UK and France to withdraw: western nations could not use force to achieve aims
Humiliating for UK and France
Cartoon lampooning Australian prime minister Robert Menzies’s attempt to persuade Nasser to end the nationalization of the canal

5. Hungarian nationalists wave Hungarian flag at start of uprising
1956: Hungary
1956: Polish unrest led to minor concessions from Khrushchev, but Poland stayed within Soviet system
Hungarians rioted in support of Poles: Moderate Nagy installed as Hungarian premier
Nagy Called for
Removal of Soviet troops
Neutrality
Withdrawal from Warsaw Pact
USSR invaded, crushing Nagy government and uprising; US ignored Hungarian pleas for intervention
Hungarian nationalists wave Hungarian flag at start of uprising

6. Early 1960s 1957: Sputnik satellite launched
1960: US U2 plane and Gary Powers shot down; tried in USSR; served 21 months before exchange
1961
East German refugees flooded West Berlin
Khrushchev ordered construction of wall
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
USSR withdrew missiles from Cuba
USA withdrew missiles from Turkey
Humiliation for Khrushchev
1964: Khrushchev resigned, replaced by Brezhnev

7. 1968: Czechoslovakia 1968: Liberal climate around world
Czech leader Dubcek experimented with liberal communism
Discussion
Publications
Poetry, Plays, Arts
Soviet troops seized Prague and installed new pro-Soviet government
Brezhnev Doctrine: USSR had right to interfere to maintain communist governments