1. Instructor: Nguyen Ngoc Vu
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Instructor: Nguyen Ngoc Vu
DINH VAN
THI VAN

2. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
OUTLINE
WORD STUDY : Plural forms of nouns.
GRAMMAR: Linking words: However, So, Therefore, But. Unless in conditional sentences.
PRACTICE:
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

3. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
WORD STUDY
PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS:
Regular plural form:
Ex: books, watches, exercises,….
NOUN + S/ES
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

4. Pronunciation of –s ending:
/s/: For nouns ending in /t/, /p/, /k/, /f/, / /
students, cups, books, roofs, depths,…
/iz/: For nouns ending in /s/, / /, /t /, /d /, /z/
buses, brushes, watches, oranges,….
/z/: For nouns ending in a vowel, and in orther consonant sounds (excluding those in the first two groups)
keys, animals, sounds,….
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

5. IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS
No change in form: sheep, fish, deer,…
-um / m/ and –ion / / turned into –(i)a /-i /: medium- media, criterion- criteria,…
-us / / turned into –i /ai/: cactus- cacti, fungus- fungi,…
-sis /-sis/ turned into –ses /-si:z/: thesis- theses, crisis- crises,…
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

6. IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS
-f(e) /-f/ turned into –ves /-vz/: leaf- leaves, wife- wives,….
-oo- /u:/ turned into –ee- /i:/: tooth- teeth, goose- geese,…
Other: child- children, ox- oxen, man- men,….
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

7. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
GRAMMAR
LINKING WORDS: So, but, however, therefore.
So and therefore are used to express a result or consequence.
But and however are used to express the ideas of a contrast.
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

8. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
LINKING WORDS
So and but are used to join 2 sentences. They are informal and typical of spoken English. Ex: It was raining, so we decided to stay home John has a car, but he often walks to work.
However and therefore are used to link across sentences, that is, they make a link with an earlier sentence. They are rather formal and typical of written English. Ex: Peter is in love with Kay. Kay, however, is in love with James The plane couldn’t take off because of bad weather. We therefore had to wait at the airport.
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

9. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
UNLESS
Unless means the same as if… not. Unless is not used in questions. Ex: + I can’t see if I don’t wear glasses I can’t see unless I wear glasses. + He wouldn’t say that if he wasn’t sure about it He wouldn’t say that unless he was sure about it.
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

10. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
With unless, we use present tenses when we talk about the future. Ex: Unless it rains, I’ll pick you up at 6.00.(not Unless it will rain….)
In most real conditional sentences, can use either unless or if…not with a similar meaning.
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

11. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
However, we use if…not but not unless:
+ In most unreal conditional sentences: Ex: He would be happier if he didn’t take things so seriously.(not….unless he took…)
+ When we talk about emotions:
Ex: I’ll be amazed if Christie doesn’t win.(not...unless Christie won…)
+ In most questions:
Ex: If you don’t pass the test, what will you do?(not Unless you pass…)
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

12. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
PRACTICE
PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
LINKING WORDS
UNLESS
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

13. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
1.FINDING THE MISTAKES:
woman – womans, housewife – housewifes, foot – foots, child – childs, leaf – leafs, mouse – mouses, criterion – criterions.
2.CROSSING THE WRONG FORM mediums,
potatos, deers, sheeps, gooses, thesises, tomatos
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

14. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
LINKING WORDS
3.REWRITING THE SENTENCES, USING “however” OR “Therefore”: + The Mojave Desert has low temperatures, so it’s regarded as a cold desert. + North American deserts are very diverse, so they provide a good basis for understanding desert ecology. + Finding water in the forest is relatively easy, but the search for water can become somewhat tenuous in the desert.
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

15. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
4. ADD SO, BUT, THEREFORE, HOWEVER WHERE APPROPRIATE: +He failed the exam,___he had to do the job he didn’t like. +The bread was old and stale, ____ Martha ate it away. +You could fly via Singapore,_______, this isn’t the only way.
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

16. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
UNLESS
5. MAKING UP SENTENCES IN TWO WAYS
+ There (not, be) enough water. We (not, plant) vegetables.
+ You (not, be) over 18.You (can not, see) this movie.
+ A camel (can’t, store) fat in its humps. It (die) for lack of food when crossing the desert.
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

17. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
6. REWRITING SENTENCES WITH UNLESS
+ If it doesn’t rain soon, all the plants and trees here will die.
+ I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t win.
+ If desert plants do not have the ability to adjust to such a severe climate, they’ll surely die.
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Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

18. Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van
SEE YOU LATER
GOOD LUCK TO YOU
GOODBYE
14/12/2008
Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van