1. Hello …

3. What is Earth Science?

4. Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.1

5. Bio Life

6. Geo Earth

7. Hydro water

8. ology Study of

9. Earth Science A name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and it’s neighbors in space

10. geology Study of the physical material and historical make-up of the Earth.

11. oceanography Study of the composition and movements of seawater, coastal processes, seafloor topography, and marine life.

12. meteorology Study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate.

13. astronomy Study of the universe

14. That’s Random

15. Overview of Earth Science Earth science is the name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and it’s neighbors in space.

16. Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories. Geology – study of the Earth  Physical Geology – examination of the materials that make up the Earth and the possible explanations that for the many processes that shape our planet.  Historical Geology – understand Earth’s long history and establish a “time- line”

17. Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories. Oceanography - Study of the composition and movements of sea water, coastal processes, seafloor topography, and marine life.

18. Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories. Meteorology - Study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate.

19. Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories. Astronomy - Study of the universe

20. Formation of Earth Nebular Hypothesis – suggests that the bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. It was made up mostly of hydrogen and helium, with a small percentage of heavier elements.

21. “That’s Random”

22. Earth Science – Chapter 1.2

23. sphere 3-dimensionally round “ball”

24. hydrosphere Water portion of the earth

25. atmosphere Gaseous envelope around the Earth

26. geosphere Composed of the core, mantle, and crust

27. biosphere All life-forms on Earth

28. core Dense, heavy inner sphere of the Earth

29. mantle Located between the crust and core of the Earth

30. crust Thin outside layer of the Earth’s surface

31. Dam Picture

32. Earth can be divided into four major spheres Hydrosphere – water portion of the earth Atmosphere - gaseous envelope around the Earth Geosphere - composed of the core, mantle, and crust Biosphere - all life-forms on Earth

33. Hydrosphere All water on Earth Oceans account for 97% of all Earth’s water 3% is freshwater (groundwater, streams, lakes, and glaciers)

34. Atmosphere Life-sustaining gaseous envelope Extends about 100km upward Protects us from sun’s heat and dangerous radiation

35. Geosphere Lies beneath both the atmosphere and the ocean The geosphere is not uniform and is divided into 3 main parts based on composition.  Core – dense center of the Earth  Mantle – middle layer of the Earth  Crust – thin, outer layer of Earth

36. Biosphere Consists of all life on Earth

37. Plate Tectonics - Theory Earth’s lithosphere is broken into several sections called plates These plates move slowly and continuously due to the unequal distribution of heat within Earth The movements of these plates generate earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the deformation of large masses of rock into mountains.

38. That’s Random

39. Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.3

40. latitude The distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees

41. longitude The distance east or west of the prime meridian, measure in degrees.

42. topographic map A map that represents Earth’s surface in three dimensions (3-D). It shows elevation, distance, directions, and slope angles.

43. contour line Line on a topographic map that indicates an elevation; Every point along a contour line is an elevation.

44. contour interval On a topographic map, tells the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines.

45. That’s Random

46. Determining Location Global Grid  Scientists use two special Earth measurements to describe location.  The distance around Earth is measured in degrees.  Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees.  Longitude is the distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees.

47. Determining Location Maps and Mapping  A map is a flat representation of Earth’s surface  No matter what kind of map is made, some portion of the surface will always look either too small, too big, or out of place. Mapmakers have, however, found ways to limit the distortion of shape, size, distance, and direction.  The Mercator Projection Map  The Conic Projection Map  The Gnomonic Projection Map

48. Determining Location Topographic Maps  A topographic map represents Earth’s three dimensional surface in two dimensions.  Topographic maps differ from the other maps discussed so far because topographic maps show elevation.  Topographical maps show elevation of Earth’s surface by means of contour lines.  The elevation of the land is indicated by using contour lines.  The contour interval tells you the difference in elevation between adjacent lines.  Geologic maps show the variations of rock type and age that are exposed at the surface.

49. Determining Location Advanced Technology  Today’s technology provides us with the ability to more precisely analyze Earth’s physical properties.  Satellites  Computers  GPS (Global Positioning Systems)

50. “Old School” GPS Systems

51. Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.4

52. system Any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole

53. “Hot” ….. “On Fire” … Quite the Match!

54. Earth System Science A way at looking at Earth from what we know in other sciences such as geology, chemistry, and/or biology. The goal is to understand Earth as a system made up of numerous interacting parts, or subsystems.

55. What is a System? A system can be any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.

56. What is a System? The Earth system is powered by energy from two sources  Sun – The sun is the source that drives external processes that occur in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at the earth’s surface.  Earth’s Interior – The heat from the interior of Earth power processes like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. Humans are also part of the Earth’s system  Our actions produce changes in all of the other parts of the earth system

57. People and the Environment Environment – everything that surrounds and influences an organism Environmental Science – the relationships between people and the natural environment Resources are the foundation of modern civilization and include water, soil, metallic and nonmetallic minerals, and energy.  Renewable resources – can be replenished over relatively short time spans  Examples - trees (wood), solar, wind, and water  Non-renewable resources – take long periods (millions of years) to create and replenish  Examples – natural gas, oil, and coal

58. Environmental Problems Two main attributes caused increased population (1) Agricultural Revolution as better nutrition = longer life span, and (2) Industrial Revolution as non- renewable resources were used (fossil fuels) = Increase technology and medical improvements. Significant threats to the government include air pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming.

59. “That’s Random”

60. Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.1

61. hypothesis A tentative explanation that is tested to determine if it is valid

62. experimentation The testing of an idea

63. experimental error In conducting an experiment, a person encounters one or more errors

64. variables Those parts of an experiment that can change during an experiment and influence the results

65. conclusion A decision that is reached after thinking/analyzing about certain facts or information

66. theory A well-tested and widely accepted view that explains certain observable facts.

67. scientific law Results from many scientists repeatedly reaching the same conclusions.

68. Scientific Method

69. BCHS Graduate ….

70. Scientific Method The process of gathering facts through observations and formulating scientific hypotheses and theories Steps in Scientific Method  Collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement  Development of one or more working hypotheses to explain these facts  Development of observations and experiments to test hypotheses  Acceptance, modification, or rejection of the hypothesis based on extensive testing

71. Hypothesis Once data have been gathered, scientists try to explain how or why things happen in the manner observed. Scientists do this by stating a possible explanation called a hypothesis A hypothesis must be “testable”

72. Theory A scientific theory is a well tested and widely accepted by the scientific community and best explains certain observable facts.

73. THE END ….. for this chapter.