1. Chapter Nine: The Rise of Medieval Culture
Culture and Values, 8th. Ed.
Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus

3. 400 ce – 800 ce
Monasteries are founded
Warring tribes migrate throughout Europe following the collapse of the Roman Empire
Venerable Bede writes the Ecclesiastical History of the English People
The Old English epic Beowulf is created
Charlemagne battles the Spanish emirate without conclusive Results; events gives rise to The Song of Roland

4. 800 ce – 1200 ce
The feudal system becomes the dominant social structure throughout Europe
Charlemagne, a Frank, is crowned emperor of the new Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne supports learning, monasteries, and the writing of books
The Ottonian period begins following the death of Charlemagne
William I (William the Conqueror) invades England and becomes England’s first Norman king
The Romanesque style of architecture dominates European cathedral construction

5. Charlemagne: Ruler and Diplomat (742-814)
Papal Coronation
Leo III, Christmas 800
Revival of Western Roman Empire
Feudal Administration
Legal decrees
Bureaucratic system
Literacy
Foreign Relations
Byzantines, Muslims

6. Charlemagne: Economic Developments
Stabilized the currency
Denier
Trade Fairs
Tolerance of Jews
Jewish merchants and the Near East
Trade Routes
Import / Export Relationships
Iron Broadswords

7. Learning in the Time of Charlemagne
“Palace School” at Aachen
Scholar-teachers
Curriculum
Trivium, quadrivium
Mastery of texts
Text reform
Literary revival = Liturgical revival
Literacy as prerequisite for worship

8. Learning in the Time of Charlemagne
Alcuin of York
Corrected errors in the Vulgate Bible
Developed Frankish school system
Literacy and Women
Aristocratic women
Dhouda- not a nun but wrote a text on Christian living
Illuminated manuscripts

9. Benedictine Monasticism
Early monasticism
Varying monastic lifestyles
No predominate rule
The Rule of St. Benedict
“Magna Carta of monasticism”
Poverty, stability, obedience, chastity
Balance of prayer, work, and study
Horarium

10. Horarium Monasticum 2:00 A.M. Rise 2:10–3:30
Nocturns (later called Matins; the longest office of the day)
3:30–5:00
Private reading and study
5:00–5:45
Lauds (the second office; also called “morning prayer”)
5:45–8:15
Private reading and Prime (the first of the short offices of the day); at times, there was communal Mass at this time and, in some places, a light breakfast, depending on the season
8:15–2:30
Work punctuated by short offices of Tierce, Sext, and None(literally the third, sixth, and ninth hours)
2:30–3:15
Dinner
3:15–4:15
Reading and private religious exercises
4:15–4:45
Vespers—break—Compline(night prayers)
5:15–6:00
To bed for the night

11. Women and the Monastic Life
Scholastica (d. 543)
St. Benedict’s sister
Brigit of Ireland (d. 525)
Hilda, abbess of Whitby ( )
Hildegard of Bingen ( )

12. Monasticism and Gregorian Chant
Development of sacred music
Gregorian Chant
Ambrosian music
Mozarabic chant
Frankish chant

13. Monasticism and Gregorian Chant
Gregorian chant and Carolingian reform
Gregorian characteristics
Monophonic- one or many voices singing one single melodic line
Melisma-extensive addition of a chain of intricate notes sung on the vowel sound of a single syllable
Acapella-vocals no instrumentation
Cantus planus-plain song
Neums-notations used in Gregorian chant

14. Liturgical Music and the Rise of Drama
The Liturgical Trope
Verbal elaborations of textual content
Added to the long melismas
Aid in memorization
Origin of drama in the West
Quem Quæritis

15. Medieval Literature Venerable Bede Beowulf Hildegard of Bingen
Father of English history
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Beowulf
Hildegard of Bingen
Writer, painter, illustrator, musician, critic, preacher
Scivias (The Way of Knowledge), Physica (botany), Causae et Curae (illness & cures), Symphonia (hymns & songs), Ordo Virtutum
Roswitha -poet, playwright

16. 9.1 Hildegard of Bingen, “Vision of God’s Plan for the Seasons,” from De operatione Dei, 1163-1174

17. The Morality Play: Everyman
Links liturgical and secular drama
Allegorical, moralistic
Instructs for moral conversion
Religious themes
Life as a pilgrimage
The inevitability of death (memento mori)
Faith vs. Free Will
Liturgical overtones

18. The Legend of Charlemagne: Song of Roland
Charlemagne canonized 1165
Reliquaries and commemoratives
Epic poem
Charlemagne’s battle with the Basques (778)
Chansons de geste (song of deeds), chansons d’histoire (song of history)
Oral tradition, jongleurs (wandering minstrels)
Military and religious ideals
11th c. martial virtues and chivalric code
Anti-Muslim bias

19. 9.23 Reliquary of Charlemagne

20. The Visual Arts: The Illuminated Book
Carolingian manuscripts on parchment
Gospel Book of Charlemagne
Roman, Byzantine, Celtic styles
Utrecht Psalter
Masterpiece of the Carolingian Renaissance
Dagulf Psalter
Carved ivory book covers
Carolingian miniscule

21. 9.9 The four evangelists and their symbols, Palatine School at Aachen, early 9th century. Manuscript illustration from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne
9.9 The four evangelists and their symbols, Palatine School at Aachen, early 9th century. Manuscript illustration from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne, Treasury Gospels (fol. 14v), Cathedral Treasury, Palatine Chapel, Cathedral, Aachen

22. 9.10 Drawing for Psalm 150 from the Utrecht Psalter, ca 820-840

23. 9.11 Crucifixion, ca , carved ivory panel, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom
9.11

24. Carolingian Architecture Charlemagne’s Palace at Aachen
Kingdom modeled on ancient Rome
Palace
Large royal hall, lavishly decorated
Joined to chapel by a long gallery
Chapel
Church of San Vitale (Ravenna) as model
Altar to the Savior (liturgical services)
Chapel to the Virgin (reliquary)
Charlemagne’s Throne
“…this most wise Solomon.”

25. Palatine Chapel (palace chapel of Charlemagne), 792–805
Palatine Chapel (palace chapel of Charlemagne), 792–805. Interior of the octagonal rotunda and plan. Aachen Cathedral, Aachen, Germany.

26. The Carolingian Monastery
Monastery as “miniature civic center”
Complexity of function and design
Center of life for rural populations
Saint Gall plan
Basilica style
Designed to house 120 monks, 170 serfs

27. Plan for an ideal monastery, ca. 820. Saint Gall, Switzerland
Plan for an ideal monastery, ca Saint Gall, Switzerland. Reconstruction based on original plan (44″ across, drawn to scale on vellum) in the Library of the Monastery of Saint Gall, Switzerland.

28. The Romanesque Style Large, “Roman-looking” architecture
Influenced by travel, expansion
Pilgrimages
Heavy stone arches
Larger, more spacious interiors
Fireproof stone and masonry roofs
Church of Saint Sernin in Toulouse

29. Church of Saint Michael (restored exterior), ca. 1001–1031
Church of Saint Michael (restored exterior), ca. 1001–1031. Hildesheim, Germany.

30. Adam and Eve Reproached by the Lord, 1015
Adam and Eve Reproached by the Lord, Panel of bronze doors, 23″ × 43″ (58.4 × cm). Dom Museum of Saint Mary’s Cathedral, Hildesheim, Germany.

31. Saint Sernin, ca. 1080–1120. Toulouse, France.

32. Floor plan,
Saint Sernin.
Toulouse, France.

33. 9.19 Nave, Saint Sernin, ca 1020-1180, Toulouse, France

34. The Romanesque Style Exterior decoration (sculpture)
Lack of interior light
Portal (doorway)
Jamb, capital, trumeau
Tympanum (mandorla, archivolts)
Church of Sainte Madeleine at Vézelay

35. 9.20 Cathedral of Sainte-Lazare, west tympanum detail of Last Judgment, ca 1120-1135

36. “Proclamation to the Shepherds,” folio 8 verso from the Lectionary of Henry II, Manuscript illumination on vellum, 16¾″ × 12⅝″ (42.5 cm × 32 cm). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, Germany.

37. Chapter Nine: Discussion Questions
Explain the function of the Song of Roland as both religious and political propaganda during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. What values are extolled within the text that would serve religious and political leaders as they shape their culture? Do we, as a culture, subscribe to these same values today? Why or why not?
Why was Charlemagne so interested in developing literacy? Explain his motives and methods for establishing schools and supporting scholars.
Describe the role of the liturgical trope in the development of drama in the West. For example, how does one begin with the Quem Quæritis trope and arrive at Everyman? Explain the evolution of the art form.