2. By the End of 1916…  Stalemate on all fronts  Low morale  French troops mutiny  Russia on the verge of collapse  Economic hardships on the homefront  Millions already dead  AT THIS POINT, WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO END THE WAR AND ENSURE A LASTING PEACE?

3. Blockade and Economic Warfare

7. The US Joins the War  Post-War plans  Furthered colonial and imperial interests  Allies agreed to divide Ottoman Empire and Germany ’ s colonies  Germany had plans of colonial expansion  The Zimmerman Telegram  US Declares War (April, 1917)

11. Propaganda

21. The Role of Women French Munitions Workers

22. More French Munitions Workers

24. The Red Cross

25. Filling the Roles of the Men Nearly half of the labor force became female

26. Female Russian Soldier

27. The Russian Revolution (1917) and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

28. The Final German Offensive Spring, 1918

30. Hindenburg and Ludendorff

31. US Troops Arrive…

33. The Collapse of the Central Powers  Germany  Civilian government vs. military  Austria-Hungary  Ethnic minorities  November 11, 1918

37. The Paris Peace Talks, 1919 The “ Big Four ” Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, and Wilson

39. Wilson ’ s Fourteen Points vs. Revanche

40. Differing Agendas  Britain: a nation “fit for heroes,” maintain empires  France: Punish Germany  Italy: Land on the Adriatic  US: Lasting peace, collective security

42. The Treaty of Versailles

43. Stipulations of the Treaty 1.Germany military reduced 2.Rhineland permanently demilitarized  Occupied for 15 years 3.Saar region controlled by League of Nations for 15 years 4.Reparations  $30 Billion 5.Germany forfeits all colonies 6.Article 231: The War Guilt Clause

45. Implications of the Treaty 1.Self Determination for some… Colonies were redistributed 2.Germany humiliated Diktat The “ Stab in the Back ” 3.No foundation for lasting peace 4.New Map

50. Global Implications  The Middle East  Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)  Divided the Middle East between France and Britain  New nations were arbitrarily created (Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan)  The Balfour Declaration (1917)  Britain promised the created of a Jewish state in Palestine  NO SELF-DETERMINATION FOR ARABS  Africa  Colonies and Mandates  NO SELF-DETERMINATION FOR AFRICANS

51. Humanitarian Implications