1. Central Italy under Roman dominion 280 BCE Sentinum

2. I understand that the procedure on the surrender of Collatia was as follows: The king asked, ‘Have you been sent as envoys and commissioners by the people of Collatia to make the surrender of yourselves and the people of Collatia?’ ‘We have.’ ‘And is the people of Collatia an independent people?’ ‘It is.’ ‘Do you surrender into my power and that of the People of Rome yourselves, and the people of Collatia, your city, lands, water, boundaries, temples, sacred vessels, all things divine and human?’ ‘We do surrender them.’ ‘Then I accept them.’ [Livy 1.38, on the surrender of Collatia]

3. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus’ tomb, erected 150 BCE (Vatican Museum)

5. Macedonian phalanx in the shape of a square (syntagma) deploying the 14’-20’ pike (sarissa)

6. Pyrrhus’ route, 280-275 BCE