1. Antigen

2. Antigen Introduction Antigenicity and specificity
Requirements for immunogenicity
Types of antigens
Superantigen
Adjuvant

3. Antigen
Introduction
1.Antigen (Ag) - the substances that induce a specific immune response and subsequently react with the products of a specific immune response. 2.Properties of Ag -immunogenicity immunoreactivity 3. Immunogen - A substance that induces a specific immune response.

4. Antigen
Introduction
4.Hapten - A substance that is non-immunogenic but which can react with the products of a
specific immune response.
Haptens are small molecules which could never induce an immune response when administered by themselves but which can when coupled to a carrier molecule.
Haptens have the property of antigenicity but not immunogenicity.
5. Tolerogen,allergen

5. Antigenicity and specificity
Hapten-carrier effect

6. Antigenicity and specificity
Ⅰ. Foreignness
- The immune system normally discriminates between self and non-self such that only foreign molecules are immunogenic.

7. Antigenicity and specificity
1. Antigenic determinant (epitope)
- the portion of the antigen that binds
specifically with the binding site of an
antibody or a receptor on a lymphocyte.
- the size of an epitope is approximately
equivalent to 5-7 amino acids.

8. Antigenicity and specificity
description
example
One epitope
haptens
Many epitopes of the same specificity
Many polysaccharides, homopolymers
Many epitopes of different specificity
proteins
Reprensentation of some possible antigenic structures

9. Antigenicity and specificity
2.structure of epitope conformational determinant sequential determinant

10. B cell epitope and T cell epitope
Antigen and vaccine
3. Epitopes recognized by B cells Epitopes recognized by T cells
B cell epitope
Antigenic peptide
Degradation
T cell epitope
T cell epitope
Natural protein
B cell epitope and T cell epitope

11. T and B cell epitopes in a protein antigen

12. Antigenicity and specificity
T cell epitope B cell epitope Receptor TCR BCR MHC necessary non-necessary Character linear short natural polypeptide peptide polysaccharides Size 8～12 aa(CD8+T) 5 ～15 aa 12～17aa(CD4+T) 5 ～7monosaccharides Type linear determinant conformational determinant ; linear determinant Location everywhere of Ag surface of Ag

13. Antigenicity and specificity
Ⅲ .common antigen and cross-reaction

14. Factors influencing immunogenicity
Antigen
Factors influencing immunogenicity
A. Contribution of the Immunogen 1.Chemical Composition - In general, the more complex the substance is chemically the more immunogenic it will be. 2. Size - There is not absolute size above which a substance will be immunogenic. In general, the larger the molecule the more immunogenic it is likely to be.

15. Factors influencing immunogenicity
Antigen
Factors influencing immunogenicity
3.Chemical Complexity- an increase in the chemical complexity of a compound is accompanied by an increase in its immunogenicity 4.Conformation and accessibility 5. Physical form - In general particulate antigens are more immunogenic than soluble ones and denatured antigens more immunogenic than the native form.

16. Factors influencing immunogenicity
Antigen
Factors influencing immunogenicity

17. Factors influencing immunogenicity
Antigen
Factors influencing immunogenicity
B. Contribution of the Biological System 1. Genetic Factors - Some substances are immunogenic in one species but not in another. Similarly, some substances are immunogenic in one individual but not in others (i.e.responders and non-responders). 2. Age - Age can also influence immunogenicity. Usually the very young and the very old have a diminished ability to mount and immune response in response to an immunogen.

18. Factors influencing immunogenicity
Antigen
Factors influencing immunogenicity
C. Method of Administration
Dose - The dose of administration of an immunogen can influence its immunogenicity.
2. Route - Generally the subcutaneous route is better than the intravenous or intragastric routes.
The route of antigen administration can also alter the nature of the response
3. Adjuvants

19. Types of antigens Antigen
Th:Thymus-dependent antigen(TD-Ag) Thymus-independent antigen(TI-Ag) Relative:Xenogenic antigen Allogenic antigen Autoantigen Heterophilic antigen Idiotypic antigen

20. Types of antigens Antigen
TD-Ag T-dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T cells. Proteins are T-dependent antigens.

21. Types of antigens Antigen
TI-Ag T-independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the requirement for T cell help In general,polysaccharides are T-independent antigens. The responses to these antigens differ from the responses to other antigens.

22. Types of antigens Antigen
TI-Ag T-independent antigens can be subdivided into Type 1 and Type 2 based on their ability to polyclonally activate B cells. Type 1 T independent antigens are polyclonal activators while Type 2 are not.

23. Types of antigens Antigen
Xenogenic Ag -An antigen found in more than one species.

24. Types of antigens Antigen
Allogenic Ag -individuals of a species differ in alleles (are allogeneic) and the antigenic diffences will cause an immune response to allografts. The antigens concerned are often of the MHC and are referred to as alloantigens.

25. Types of antigens Antigen
Autoantigen -The antigens of an organisms own cells and cell products are self antigens to the immune system of that organisn. - Clones of immune cells reactive with self antigens are normally eliminated.

26. Types of antigens Antigen
Heterophilic Ag(Forssman antigen) - A cross-reacting antigen that appears in widely ranging species such as humans and bacteria.

27. Types of antigens Antigen
idiotypic Ag - The combined antigenic determinants (idiotopes) found on antibodies of an individual that are directed at a particular antigen; such antigenic determinants are found only in the variable region.

28. idiotype1 antibody antigen Antigen may be protein, carbohydrate, etc.
Antigenic
determinant
Mice
immunized
idiotype1
First antibody selected
for high affinity for
immunizing antigen,
made monoclonal
Anti-idiotype antibodies
Raised against idiotype 1
Second antibodies
screened for similarity
to original antigen
Anti-
idiotype 1
like antigen
unlike antigen

29. Superantigen (SAg)
When the immune system encounters a conventional TD-Ag, only a small fraction (1 in ) of the T cell population is able to recognize the antigen and become activated (monoclonal/oligoclonal response). However, there are some Ags which polyclonally activate some subtypes of the T cells (up to 25%). These Ags are called superantigens. Such as SEA~SEE, Mls (minor lymphocyte stimulating Ag)

31. Types of SAgs Endogenous: Mls Exogenous: SE, etc. T cell SAgs:
TCR SAgs: HSP
TCR SAgs
B cell SAgs: SPA, gp120 (HIV)
bind BCR
Endogenous: Mls
Exogenous: SE, etc.

34. Adjuvant
It is a substance which, when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen.
The use of adjuvants, however, is often hampered by undesirable side effects such as fever and inflammation.
CFA, IFA, BCG, LPS, CpG, etc.

35. Mitogen PHA (phytohemagglutinin, T, human)
ConA (concanavalin A, T, mice)
LPS (lipopolysaccharide, B,mice)
SPA ( staphylococcus protein, B,human)
PWM (pokeweed mitogen, T/B)