1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case M I C R O B I O L O G Y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n ninth edition TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE 17 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host  Innate immunity: Defenses against any pathogen.  Adaptive immunity: Specific antibody and lymphocyte response to an antigen.

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Historical Development  Pasteur observed immunity in chickens injected with weakened pathogens.  Von Behring received the Nobel Prize for development of antitoxin.

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terminology  Antigen (Ag): A substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells.  Antibody (Ab): Proteins made in response to an Ag; can combine with that Ag.  Complement: Serum proteins that bind to Ab in an Ag–Ab reaction; cause cell lysis.

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity  Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells.  B cells recognize antigens by antibodies on their surfaces. PLAY Animation: Humoral Immunity

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cell-mediated immunity involved T cells.  T cells recognize antigens by TCRs on their surfaces. Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity PLAY Animation: Cell-Mediated Immunity

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terminology  Serology: The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens.  Antiserum: The generic term for serum because it contains Ab.  Immunoglobulins (Ig): Antibodies

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antigenic Determinants  Antibodies recognize and react with antigenic determinants or epitopes on an antigen. Figure 17.1

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Haptens  React with antibodies.  How is this different from an antibody? Figure 17.2

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antibody Structure Figure 17.3a–b

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Immunoglobulin Model

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Immunoglobulins

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 17.1

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Activation of B Cells Figure 17.4

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clonal Selection Figure 17.5

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Activation of B Cells  T-independent antigen  T-dependent antigen Figure 17.6

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings T-Dependent Antigens Figure 17.18, step 1  Activated T H cell secretes cytokines  T H cell recognizes antigen

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antigen—Antibody Binding  Affinity: Strength of bond between Ag and Ab.  Specificity: Ab recognizes a specific epitope.

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Results of Ag-Ab Binding Figure 17.7

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  M (microfold) cells over Peyer’s patches which contain Antigen- presenting cells and T cells Pathogens entering the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts pass through

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings T Cells  Helper T Cells (CD4, T H )

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings T Cells  Cytotoxic T Cells  Induce apoptosis in target cell. Figure 17.11

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Activation of T C into CTL Figure 17.10

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antigen-Presenting Cells  Digest antigen  Ag fragments on APC surface with MHC  B cells  Dendritic Cells Figure 17.12

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antigen-Presenting Cells  Activated macrophages: Macrophages stimulated by ingesting Ag or by cytokines. Figure 17.13 PLAY Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extracellular Killing  Antibody-dependent cells- mediated cytotoxicity.  Natural killer cells destroy cells which don’t express MHC I. Figure 17.14b

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extracellular Killing Figure 17.14a

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Immunological Memory  Antibody titer is the amount of Ab in serum. Figure 17.15

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adaptive Immunity  Naturally acquired active immunity  Resulting from infection  Naturally acquired passive immunity  Transplacental or via colostrum  Artificially acquired active immunity  Injection of Ag (vaccination)  Artificially acquired passive immunity  Injection of Ab - often in the form of antiserum

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.16

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.18