1. Chapter 16: Gender Roles GENDER ROLES 1

2. Chapter 16 2

3. Section 1: What Are Gender Roles? Chapter 16 3 Gender Roles – widely accepted societal expectations about how males and females should behave Gender Stereotypes – fixed and oversimplified beliefs about the ways in which men and women ought to behave

4. Chapter 16 4

5. Section 2: Gender Differences Chapter 16 5 Differences in Cognitive (mental) Abilities – it has been noted that males and females each outperform the other in certain tasks Differences in Personality and Behavior – women tend to exceed men in trust, nurturance and attention while men tend to exceed women in assertiveness

6. Section 2: Gender Differences Chapter 16 6 Males seem to have superior mathematical ability. Males seem to have better visual-spatial skills (spatial orientation and mental rotation). Males seem to exceed females in traits such as tough mindedness. Males tend to be more aggressive.

7. Section 2: Gender Differences Chapter 16 7 Females seem to have superior verbal abilities (reading, writing). Females tend to be more talkative during early childhood, however males tend to become more talkative from school age on.

8. Section 2: Gender Differences Chapter 16 8 Often difficult to determine what gender traits are caused by biology (nature) and which are caused by environment/upbringing (nurture). In addition, women have not always had equal rights, and thus being put in a subordinate situation may have hampered female development in some areas (ex. Math).

9. Section 2: Gender Differences Chapter 16 9 MATE SELECTION Men tend to be more swayed by physical appearance Women tend to focus more on personal qualities (ex. wits, assertiveness, compassion, warmth, etc. ) Evolutionary theory focuses on reproduction here (women seek protection, men seek fertility)

10. Section 3: Gender Typing GENDER TYPING Gender typing – different theories proposed to explain gender role developments 10 Chapter 16

11. Section 3: Gender Typing Chapter 16 11 GENDER TYPING THEORIES Psychoanalytic Theory – gender typing can be explained in terms of gender identification, where boys identify with their fathers and girls with their mothers Social Learning Theory – gender role behavior is acquired through two different learning processes – reinforcement and modeling

12. Section 3: Gender Typing Chapter 16 12 Gender-Schema Theory – children play an important role in developing gender-appropriate behavior by forming their own concepts about gender and then shaping their behavior so that it conforms to their gender concepts

13. Section 4: Variation in Gender Roles Chapter 16 13 Increasing participation of women in activities long considered appropriate for men only (ex. Athletics, corporate executive positions, etc.) Men have taken on tasks previously performed by women Gender roles in one society may be viewed differently in another culture

14. Section 4: Variation in Gender Roles Chapter 16 14 Men and women of different cultures could be expected to be aggressive or peaceful Cultures may also have different ideas about who should be primarily responsible for raising children

15. Chapter 16 15 Question: What are the differences between gender roles and gender stereotypes? Gender Roles Gender Stereotypes