1. Cardiovascular System

2. The Cardiovascular System Functions of the Cardiovascular System: Cardiovascular System Components:

3. Properties of Blood Two main components: 1. Plasma – 2. Blood cells –Red blood cells (erythrocytes) –White blood cells (leukocytes) –Platelets Plasma 55% 90% water 7% plasma proteins 3% other (acids, salts) Formed elements 45% >99% red blood cells <1% white blood cells and platelets

4. The Heart

5. The Internal Anatomy of the Heart

6. Path of Blood Through the Heart Aorta Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve Right pulmonary veins Right atrium Pulmonary semilunar valve Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Inferior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicuspid (mitral) valve Left ventricle Chordae tendinae Papillary muscles Interventricular septum Chordae tendinae Papillary muscles Thoracic aorta (descending)

7. Coronary Vessels – Anterior View Superior vena cava Branches of right pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Right atrium Right coronary artery Small cardiac vein Right ventricle Inferior vena cava Aorta Left pulmonary artery Branches of left pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Left atrium Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery Great cardiac vein Left ventricle Thoracic aorta (descending)

8. Excitation of the Heart Cardiac Muscle Sympathetic Influence (tachycardia) – Parasympathetic Influence (bradycardia ) –

9. The Heart – Electrical Conduction System Sinoatrial (SA) node Bundle of His (AV bundle) Atrioventricular (AV) node Right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibres

10. The Electrical Activity of the Heart Electrocardiogram (ECG) Graphical representation of electrical sequence of events occurring with each contraction of the heart P wave: QRS complex: T wave:

11. Blood Pressure Normal BP = 120 / 80 mmHg Hypertensive BP = 140 / 90 mmHg

12. Blood Flow Distribution

13. Cardiac Output Cardiac Output (Q) is the primary indicator of the functional capacity of the circulatory system to meet the demands of physical activity. On average a person pumps about 5 litres of blood per minute from their left ventricle at rest. The difference between a trained and untrained person is how this is accomplished. Q = Trained 50bts/min * 100 ml/btUntrained 71bts/min * 70 ml/bt Benefits of Being A Trained Athlete