1. Heart Anatomy & ECG
KAAP 310

2. The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
As we discussed last week, the electrical activity of the heart is determined by pacemakers (SA, AV node)
By placing sensitive electrodes on certain parts of the body, we can recognize and record the “echoes” of the heart depolarizing and repolarizing
Heart rate, Axis deviation (heart position), cardiac arrthymias and mechanical activity of heart can all be seen on a standard ECG.

3. A normal ECG reading
QRS Complex: R & L ventriular depolarization, Atrial repolarization masked by QRS complex
T Wave: Repolarization of right and left ventricles
P Wave: Depolarization of the right and left atria (atrial depolarization)

4. Reading & Interpreting an ECG
Segments: Periods of no recorded activity in the heart
Isoelectric Line: Point of departure of the depolarizing and repolarizing actions of the heart.
Interval: Period of electrical activity within and between heartbeats

5. ECG Leads
Particular arrangement of the electrodes with respect to one another is called a lead.
We will be using a 3-lead model
A positive, negative and ground
electrode will be placed on the subject
+ on left ankle
- on right wrist
Ground on right ankle

6. ECG Notes QRS complex generally dominant in any ECG recording
Affected by many factors: Body mass, fat mass, height, cardiovascular health (large LV mass will change the look of the complex)

7. Large & Small Block Calculations
Can go over ecg graph here, perhaps talk about small block r-r interval to determine heart rate

8. BioPac Lab
Four conditions will be recorded: Supine, Seated, Breathing deeply, and After exercise.
Minimize EMG artifact and baseline drift:
Subject’s arms and legs must be relaxed.
Subject must remain still and should not talk during any recordings.
Make sure electrodes do not peel up and that the leads do not pull on the electrodes.
Cable artifact is created when cables are unnecessarily handled/moved
Make sure baseline is stable before beginning procedure

9. BioPac Lab First condition: Supine, eyes closed, relaxed
Second condition: Stand up quickly, settle back down into seated position
Third condition: Five (5) deep inhales/exhales with recorder counting
Fourth condition: Exercise – 15 pushups or 15 jumping jacks. Mind the cables – may unclip if necessary…don’t forget to re-attach!
Optional active learning portion not required
Call your TA when you have collected all data

10. Data Review
After your data file has been transferred to your laptop, open it with your BioPac analysis software and begin analyzing your data
Data & questions can be completed on your computer and ed to your TA (due next week)

11. Heart Models
While your group is waiting to work with the BioPac software please use this time to begin reviewing the heart models
These same models will be used for your first long quiz
Feel free to use online resources and this presentation
Models will be available next week during our dissection lab as well

12. Cardiac Anatomy

15. Interatrial Septum
Interventricular Septum

17. Brachiocephalic trunk Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava
Left common carotid
artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left subclavian artery
Superior vena cava
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Right pulmonary
artery
Left pulmonary artery
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Right pulmonary
veins
Auricle of
left atrium
Circumflex artery
Right atrium
Left coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Right coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Right marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
artery (in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(b) Anterior view
Figure 18.4b

18. Right pulmonary artery
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary
artery
Right pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary veins
Left pulmonary
veins
Auricle of left
atrium
Right atrium
Left atrium
Inferior vena cava
Great cardiac
vein
Coronary sinus
Right coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Posterior vein
of left ventricle
Posterior
interventricular
artery (in posterior
interventricular sulcus)
Left ventricle
Apex
Middle cardiac vein
Right ventricle
(d) Posterior surface view
Figure 18.4d

19. (a) The major coronary arteries
Aorta
Pulmonary
trunk
Superior
vena cava
Left atrium
Anastomosis
(junction of
vessels)
Left
coronary
artery
Right
atrium
Circumflex
artery
Right
coronary
artery
Left
ventricle
Right
ventricle
Anterior
interventricular
artery
Right
marginal
artery
Posterior
interventricular
artery
(a) The major coronary arteries
Figure 18.7a

20. (b) The major cardiac veins
Superior
vena cava
Great
cardiac
vein
Anterior
cardiac
veins
Coronary
sinus
Small cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
(b) The major cardiac veins
Figure 18.7b

21. Aorta Left pulmonary artery Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Left pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Mitral (bicuspid)
valve
Right pulmonary
veins
Fossa ovalis
Aortic valve
Pectinate muscles
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Papillary muscle
Chordae tendineae
Interventricular
septum
Trabeculae carneae
Epicardium
Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Endocardium
(e) Frontal section
Figure 18.4e

22. (right atrioventricular) valve Area of cutaway
Myocardium
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Tricuspid
(right atrioventricular)
valve
Area of cutaway
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Mitral
(left atrioventricular)
valve
Myocardium
Tricuspid
(right atrioventricular)
valve
Aortic
valve
Mitral
(left atrioventricular)
valve
Pulmonary
valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary
valve
Area of cutaway
(b)
Fibrous
skeleton
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
(a)
Anterior
Figure 18.8a