2. Term Test 3 grades Grades available on web page Review session to be scheduled

3. Three Minute Review LANGUAGE Sounds  phonemes  morphemes  words  sentences  meaning –phonology sample problem: mondegreens –morphology –syntax sample problem: ambiguous grammar –semantics –deep meaning Language in the brain –Broca’s aphasia vs. Wernicke’s aphasia How much does language influence thoughts? –do words enable concepts? –linguistic relativity hypothesis

4. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION thin slices of behavior can be excellent predictors –65-95% of communication is nonverbal interpersonal distance –intimate-personal-social-public –affected by relationship, situation, status, gender, which direction people are facing facial expression –common across cultures –similar among primate species –can’t always be totally faked, esp. smiles

5. Test Yourself The words “bear” and “bare” involve: A. different morphemes and phonemes B. the same morphemes and phonemes C. different morphemes but the same phonemes D. the same morphemes but different phonemes

6. You Asked… Can patients with Broca’s aphasia write? Even when they don’t have difficulty controlling the right hand, these patients may have problems with writing, particularly the generation of sensible, grammatical output

7. How do we learn grammar? B. F. Skinner language and grammar are learned through operant conditioning Noam Chomsky there is an innate language module or instinct -- Language Acquisition Device (LAD) there are too many combinations to learn kids say things they’ve never heard adults say, e.g., “I gived it to her” people can determine whether novel nonsense is grammatical, e.g., “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”

8. Grammar Learning in Children generalization and overextension –words Baby Kate’s “door-door” –rules children can generalize (the wug test) sometimes they overgeneralize –kick  kicked –play  played –blink  blinked –think  thinked (thought) –drink  drinked (drank)

9. Acquisition of Language in Humans critical period for phonemes –babies under ~ 6 mos. can learn to distinguish phonemes from any language –after that, it is very difficult to learn –adult Japanese have a hard time distinguishing /l/ and /r/ word learning –babbling “ba-ba-ba”, “dee-dee-dee” “ba-dee”, “dah-dee” –0 to 60,000 words

10. Acquisition of Language in Humans critical period for grammar –the case of Genie For proper grammar, language has to be acquired before ~6

11. Can Animals Learn Language? non-human primates do not have vocal apparatus for speech changes to human ancestors about 250,000 years ago enabled speech –larynx became lower enabled speech risk of choking

12. Can Animals Learn Language? Washoe (chimp) sign language Koko (gorilla) sign language Nim Chimpsky (chimp) sign language Kanzi (bonobo) symbolic language

13. How good is animal “language”? some researchers (e.g., the Gardners who raised Washoe) were very secretive about their data apes’ sign language was a very coarse approximation of real American Sign Language vocabulary estimated at 25 - 125 “words” Jane Goodall remarked that many of the signs were also seen in chimps in the wild bonobos might be better than common chimps (Kanzi learned when mom was trained unsuccessfully) it’s communication, but is it language?

14. How good is animal “language”? typical two-year old human child –“Look at that train Ursula bought.” Nim Chimpsky –“Nim eat Nim eat” –“Tickle me Nim play” –“Me banana you banana me you give” –“Banana me me me eat” –“Give orange me give eat orange me eat orange give me eat orange give me you” Jean Chretien –"A proof is proof. What kind of a proof? It's a proof. A proof is a proof and when you have a good proof it's proven" (Sept. 2002) –They say that the money we promised three years ago -- to be new money this year -- is no longer new money. We have not paid it yet and it’s old new money versus new money. For me new money is new money.” (Feb. 2003)

15. …but what about “that damn bird”? Alex Pepperberg African Grey Parrot identifies ~50 objects, shapes, colors, material, numbers<7 can answer comparison and combination questions babbles at dusk