1. Biochemistry The study of chemical reactions of living things

2. Atoms “Basic unit of matter” Make up elements Structure: Protons and neutrons at the center, electrons on the outside Atoms differ in the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons they have.

3. Elements Substance that CANNOT be broken down into different, simpler substances; may contain one or more atoms Examples : Carbon = C Hydrogen = H 2 Oxygen = O 2 Nitrogen = N 2 ***The number that follows the element symbol is the number of atoms in the element

4. Compounds Atoms make up compounds When different atoms come close to each other, they “interact” or bond. This forms compounds Ex: Water H(OH) or H 2 O 2 H atoms and 1 O atom

5. Chemical Formulas Molecular Formula - number of each kind of atom in a molecule (ex. C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Structural Formula – shows how atoms are arranged together ***In this compound, there are: 6 carbon atoms 12 hydrogen atoms 6 oxygen atoms

6. Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds Inorganic Does NOT contain both hydrogen (H) & carbon (C) Ex: Water (H 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Organic Does contain BOTH hydrogen and carbon Ex: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

7. Carbohydrates Used as ENERGY and food storage (starches and sugars) Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen There are 2 hydrogens for every 1 oxygen – Ex. C 6 H 12 O 6

8. Monosaccharides Simple sugars (mono=one, sacch= sugar) Ex. Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

9. Disaccharides Double sugars (di=two, sacch= sugar) Ex. Maltose (C 12 H 22 O 11 )

10. Polysaccharides Chains of sugars (poly=many, sacch= sugar) Ex.Starch – food storage in animals Cellulose –cell walls in plants

11. Dehydration Synthesis (de=to lose, hydro=water, synthesis=put together) Process where simple molecules are joined together to form larger molecules by removing water Removes H from one and OH from another to form H 2 O + molecule Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis

12. Hydrolysis (hydro=water, lyse=to split) Process where a larger molecule is split to form smaller molecules by adding water Adds H to part of the molecule and OH to remaining part of the molecule

13. Proteins Made up of amino acids, which connect to make enzymes, hormones and structural parts of cells Structure of amino acid: – Always contains C, H, O and N; may or may not contain sulfur – Amino group (NH 2 ) Carboxyl group (COOH) Variable group (R) [ie: part that varies]

14. Protein Structure

15. Lipids Source of energy (fats and oils) and structure (cell membrane) Structure of a lipid: – Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen – There are more than double the number of hydrogens than oxygens – Glycerol (1) Fatty acids (3) Produced by dehydration synthesis

16. Lipid Structure

17. Enzymes Special proteins needed for chemical reactions to take place in living things Enzymes are catalysts, meaning they change rate of reaction but are NOT changed or used up Always “–ase”; – Ex: Protease= works on protein – Ex: Lactase= works on lactose Enzyme Action

18. Enzyme Structure Large complex protein Folded in a certain way so it fits w/ the substrate (the molecule it reacts with) Where it fits together is the active site ENZYME SUBSTRATE

19. Lock and Key Model Active site has a unique shape so it can only bind with one type of substrate ***key in a lock*** Enzyme-substrate complex: Enzymes attach to the substrate and either breaks the substrate apart or binds it to something else After the reaction, the product(s) and enzyme break apart and enzyme binds to another substrate and starts the process all over again!

20. Lock and Key / Induced Fit Model Enzyme Overview

21. Factors Influencing Enzyme Action There are three major factors that change the rate of enzyme action: – Temperature – pH – Substrate concentration Enzyme action

22. Temperature Rate increases as the temperature increases until a certain temperature is reached, then the rate decreases Denaturazation- High temperatures change an enzyme’s shape so it can no longer bind to substrate Human enzymes’ optimum temperature is 37ºC/98.6 ºF; reactions slow down at 40ºC/104ºF

23. Enzyme-Substrate Concentration Rate of action varies w/ amount of substrate. – Rate increases until all enzymes are reacting, then rate levels off – If there are too few enzymes or substrate, reaction slows down

24. pH pH scale is a measure of Hydrogen ion concentration of a solution: – pH = 7neutral – pH > 7 base – pH < 7acid Each enzyme has a certain pH where it functions most efficiently – Enzymes in blood = neutral – Enzymes in stomach = acidic

25. Graphing Enzyme action ***Although the independent variable (X axis) is labeled as “pH,” the graph would similar if it said “temperature” or “enzyme concentration”