1. I. Cross-cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads

2. A. Silk Road Origins:
1. Silk Roads: overland route that linked China to Mediterranean Roman world via Mesopotamia, Iran, & Central Asia -two periods of heavy use: (1) 150 b.c.e.–907 c.e. (2) 13th-17th centuries c.e.

3. -Chinese DEMAND for goods…
imports: HORSES, alfalfa, grapes, medicinal products, metals, precious stones
EXPORTS: peaches & apricots, spices, SILK, pottery, paper

4. 2. Parthians drive Seleucids out of Persia & control Mesopotamian trade

5. B. Trade Network Develops
1. A growing need for:
-police enforcement
-maintenance of roads, bridges
2. A professional merchant class develops
-tariff & toll revenues

6. C. The Sasanid Empire (224-600)
1. The Perisan “Sasanid Dynasty” rose to power during fall of Rome
2. defeated Parthians
3. Zoroastrianism: state religion
- intolerance & persecution
- dualist faith of Good-Evil

7. D. The Impacts of Trade: 1. Turkic nomads benefited from trade
2. military technology: Kushan STIRRUP, mounted bowman

8. E. Cultural Trade: Spread of Religions
1. merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes
- spread of Christianity, Zoroastrianism,
Buddhism, & (eventually) Islam
2. development of monasteries for traveling merchants
3. BUDDHISM becomes dominant faith of silk roads

9. Spread of Religions

11. Writing a thesis statement…
In 3-4 sentences create a thesis paragraph
answering the following question:
What were some of the key factors behind the development AND maintenance of the Silk Roads?

12. II. Indian Ocean Maritime System

13. A. Indian Ocean Geography
Linked Indian Ocean basin to South China Sea:
Three distinct regions:
(1) South China Sea
(2) S.E. Asia
(3) west coast of India to Arabia to E. Africa

14. 2. trade in Indian Ocean made possible by monsoon winds
3. sailing technology: lateen sail & new shipbuilding techniques
4. traders seldom retained political ties to homelands…effect?

16. B. Origins of Contact & Trade
evidence of early trade between ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley
2,000 years ago Malay sailors migrated to the islands of Madagascar

17. C. Impact of Indian Ocean Trade
1st c. Greco-Egyptian text:
-describes trading system including spices, aromatic resins, pearls, Chinese pottery, luxury goods
Indian Ocean ports (entrepôts) culturally isolated
3. Traders & sailors often married local women in the ports

20. III. Trade Routes Across the Sahara
A. Early Saharan cultures:
1. hunting-gathering culture joined with pastoral cattle herders
2. camel domestication from Arabia evolved along trans-Saharan; trade routes linked N. Africa & Sub-Saharan Africa

21. B. Trade Across the Sahara
1. southern Sahara: desert salt deposits
sub-Saharan regions: kola nuts & palm oil
North Africa: agricultural products & wild animals to Italy
2. Roman decline (3rd c.) & Arab invasion of North Africa (mid-7th c.) caused the Berber people to revolt in the 700’s
3. Berbers find GOLD from Niger River & West Africa & trade salt & copper for gold

23. Kingdom of Ghana
A. Ghana Kingdom developed in West Africa between Niger & Gambia Rivers ( )
B. rivers transport goods & develop trade
-collected taxes from traders

24. few natural resources: salt & gold
-iron tipped spears
camel vital for trade

25. "The King . . .(wears). . . necklaces round his neck and bracelets on his forearms and he puts on a high cap decorated with gold and wrapped in a turban of fine cotton. He (meets people) in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses covered with gold-embroidered materials…and on his right, are the sons of the (lesser) kings of his country, wearing splendid garments and their hair plaited with gold. At the door of the pavilion are dogs of excellent pedigree. Round their necks they wear collars of gold and silver, studded with a number of balls of the same metals."
Al-Bakri (10th century geographer )

26. Islamic Mosque in Ghana
blankbluesky.com/ travel/ghana/
After 700 AD, the religion of Islam began to spread over northern Africa. Muslim warriors came into Ghana and fought with the non-Islamic peoples there. This weakened the great civilization of Ghana.