1. Comparing Poynting flux dominated magnetic towers with kinetic-energy dominated jets Martín Huarte-Espinosa, Adam Frank and Eric Blackman, U. of Rochester NY Andrea Ciardi, LERMA Paris, Patrick Hartigan, Rice U. TX Sergey Lebedev and Jeremy Chittenden, Imperial College London HEDLA 2012, Tallahassee FL, 3 May

2. Motivation From the AGN Atlas of ^ NGC 326, Murgia et al. Lebedev et al.

3. Q (X,t) = Magnetic flux / kinetic-energy flux ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

4. Outline 1. Magnetic jet launch scenarios 2. Lab jets 3. Our models

5. Astro jet launch Ingredients: -1 compact object -some accreted plasma -some magnetic fields Preparation: Stir (rotation) vigorously until a hot disk is formed and the magnetic fields are helical & strong Enjoy! Begelman & Rees

6. A) Magnetocentrifugal jets (Blandford & Payne 1982; Ouyed & Pudritz 1997; Ustyugova et al. 1999; Blackman et al. 2001) B only dominates out to the Alfvén radius B) Poynting flux dominated jets (PFD; Shibata & Uchida ’86, Lynden-Bell 1996; Ustyugova et al. ‘00; Li et al. ‘01; Lovelace et al. ‘02; Nakamura & Meier ‘04) B dominates the jet structure

7. Lab astro experiments Radial wire array (Lebedev et al. ’05) 1MA pulse current flows radially through 16 x 13μm tungsten metallic wires a central electrode. ~1 MG toroidal magnetic field produced below the wires. MAGPIE generator, Imperial College London.

8. Evolution with XUV Lebedev et al. 2005 Suzuki-Vidal et al. 2010 wire ablation + JxB force produce background plasma resistive diffusion keeps current close to wires

9. Evolution with XUV Full wire ablation near the central electrode forms a magnetic cavity. Lebedev et al. 2005 Suzuki-Vidal et al. 2010

10. Evolution with XUV Lebedev et al. ‘05 Suzuki-Vidal et al. ‘10 Expanding magnetic tower jet driven by toroidal magnetic field pressure Jet Collimation by hoop stress Magnetic bubble Collimation by ambient medium Consistent with Shibata & Uchida ‘86, Lynden-Bell ‘96, ’03.

11. Jets corrugate becoming a collimated chain of magnetized “clumps”. Lebedev et al. 2005 Suzuki-Vidal et al. 2010

12. Our models (Huarte-Espinosa et al. 2012, 1204.0800, submitted to ApJ) Solve hyperbolic PDE with elliptic constraints: MHD Source terms for energy loss/gain, ionization dynamics Operator splitting: gravity, heat conduction (HYPRE) Solve hyperbolic PDE with elliptic constraints: MHD Source terms for energy loss/gain, ionization dynamics Operator splitting: gravity, heat conduction (HYPRE)

13. PFD magnetic tower jetkinetic-energy dominated jet 1. adiabatic4. adiabatic 2. cooling5. cooling 3. adiabatic & rotating6. adiabatic & rotating Simulations

14. 1. HD jets are collimated at sub-resolution scales. 2. jets have same time averaged max speed: 3. Equal injected energy fluxes: where ρ j is the jet’s density and a (= πr j 2 ) is the area of the energy injection region. Assumptions

15. Initial conditions z rtrt Stellar jets. Density = 100 cm -3 Temperature = 10000 K γ =5/3 V = 0 km s -1 Magnetic fields only within the central region. This is different from other models, e.g. Li et al. ’06. r

16. Continuous pure magnetic energy injection new current initial = +

17. Adiabatic

18. adiabatic rotating 42 yr 84 yr Keplerian 118 yr

19. adiabatic rotating cooling 42 yr 84 yr 118 yr Dalgarno & McCray (1972). Ionization of both H and He, the chemistry of H2 and optically thin cooling.

20. adiabatic rotating cooling hydro 42 yr 84 yr 118 yr

21. adiabatic cooling rotating Only 2 central field lines for clarity Field line maps

22. Field geometry and perturbations

23. Instability: z x Relative strength:

24. Z β z ~1 Alfvén speed highest inside tower Adiabatic Rotating Cooling Jet velocities:

25. Z β z ~1 Alfvén speed highest inside tower Adiabatic Rotating Cooling Jet velocities:

26. 42yr 120yr Beam energy flux Poynting Kinetic Cooling case (but rotating is similar) 120yr

27. -PFD jets more unstable and structurally different than purely HD jets with same energy flux. -Base rotation amplifies B φ exacerbating a pressure unbalance and leading to kink instability. -Cooling reduces the thermal energy of the core and r jet thus it’s insufficient to damp magnetic pressure kink perturbations. -PFD jet beams eventually yield a series of collimated clumps which may then evolve into kinetic-energy dominated jets at large distances from the engine. Relevant for YSO and possibly other jets too. -Our model towers agree with MAGPIE lab experiments, even though no tuning was made. I.e. robust results which reveal generic properties of PFD outflows. Summary

28. -PFD jets more unstable and structurally different than purely HD jets with same energy flux. -Base rotation amplifies B φ exacerbating a pressure unbalance and leading to kink instability. -Cooling reduces the thermal energy of the core and r jet thus it’s insufficient to damp magnetic pressure kink perturbations. -PFD jet beams eventually yield a series of collimated clumps which may then evolve into kinetic-energy dominated jets at large distances from the engine. Relevant for YSO and possibly other jets too. -Our model towers agree with MAGPIE lab experiments, even though no tuning was made. Summary Thanks! Find this talk at: http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~martinhe/talks.h tml

29. Lebedev et al. 2005 Current consistent consistent Adiabatic Rotating Cooling