1. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 17: Immunity

2. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Overview

3. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Key Terms allergygamma globulinmast cell anaphylaxisimmunitynatural killer cell antibodyimmunizationphagocytosis antigenimmunoglobulinplasma cell antiserumimmunotherapyT cell antitoxininflammationtoxin attenuatedinterferontoxoid autoimmunityinterleukintransplantation B celllymphocytevaccine complementmacrophage

4. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease The Immune System Types of Body Defenses Against Disease Nonspecific defenses –Effective against any harmful agent Specific defenses –Effective against a certain agent only

5. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Why Do Infections Occur? Learning Outcome 1.List the factors that determine the occurrence of infection.

6. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Why Do Infections Occur? Factors Involved in Infection Portal of entry Virulence of organism –Aggressiveness –Toxin production Dose (number) of pathogens Individual condition (predisposition) to infection

7. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Why Do Infections Occur? ✓ Checkpoint 17-1What are some factors that influence the occurrence of infection?

8. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity Learning Outcomes 2.Differentiate between nonspecific and specific body defenses and give examples of each. 3.Briefly describe the inflammatory reaction.

9. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity Nonspecific immunity is composed of successive lines of defense. –First line of defense: barriers –Second line of defense: internal nonspecific responses Specific immunity is the final line of defense.

10. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity The First Line of Defense: Barriers Skin Mucous membranes Body secretions Body reflexes –Sneezing –Coughing –Vomiting –Diarrhea

11. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity The Second Line of Defense: Nonspecific Reponses Phagocytosis –Neutrophils –Macrophages Natural killer cells Inflammation Fever Interferon Complement

12. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 17-1 Nonspecific immunity.

13. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity Phagocytosis White blood cells take in and destroy waste and foreign material. –Neutrophils –Macrophages Natural Killer Cell Type of lymphocyte found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood Recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes and secretes protein that breaks down cell membrane

14. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity Inflammation Infection is inflammation caused by pathogens Inflammatory reaction –Heat, redness, swelling, pain –Cells release histamine –Leukocytes enter tissue Granulocytes, macrophages, mast cells –Leukocytes and plasma produce inflammatory exudate –Pus is produced –Lymph nodes enlarge

15. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 17-2 Inflammation. What causes the heat, redness, swelling, and pain characteristic of inflammation?

16. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

17. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity Fever As phagocytes work, they release substances that raise body temperature. Stimulates phagocytes Increases metabolism Decreases some organisms’ ability to multiply

18. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity Interferon Group of substances that prevent nearby cells from producing more virus –IFN α (alpha) –IFN β (beta) –IFN γ (gamma) Also acts nonspecifically on immune system cells

19. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity Complement Specialized proteins in blood that are activated by immune responses Functions: –Coats foreign cells –Destroys cells –Promotes inflammation –Attracts phagocytes

20. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 17-3 Complement.

21. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity ✓ Checkpoints 17-2What constitutes the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens? 17-3What are some factors in the second line of defense against infection? 17-4What is complement?

22. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity ? Pop Quiz 17.1 Which of the following is NOT a classic symptom of inflammation? A) Redness B) Swelling C) Heat D) Cyanosis

23. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Nonspecific Immunity ? Pop Quiz Answer 17.1 Which of the following is NOT a classic symptom of inflammation? A) Redness B) Swelling C) Heat D) Cyanosis

24. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity Learning Outcomes 4.Define antigen and antibody. 5.Compare and contrast T cells and B cells with respect to development and type of activity. 6.Explain the role of antigen- presenting cells in specific immunity. 7.Describe some protective effects of an antigen–antibody reaction.

25. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity Power to overcome a specific disease agent Characteristics –Specific response to specific pathogens –Acquired over lifetime –Stimulated by antigens

26. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity Antigens Foreign substances that –Enter body –Induce immune response of certain lymphocytes T cells B cells

27. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity T Cells Originate in red bone marrow Mature in thymus –Become sensitized to specific antigens Provide cell-mediated immunity

28. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity T Cells Types of T cells –Cytoxic T cells –Helper T cells –Regulatory T cells –Memory T cells Stimulated by antigen-presenting cells –Macrophages –Dendritic cells

29. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 17-4 Activation of a helper T cell by a macrophage (antigen-presenting cell—APC). What is contained in the lysosome that joins the phagocytic vesicle?

30. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity ✓ Checkpoints 17-5What is acquired immunity? 17-6What is an antigen? 17-7List four types of T cells. 17-8What is the role of APCs in immunity?

31. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity ? Pop Quiz 17.2 Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell? A) Helper cell B) Plasma cell C) Cytotoxic cell D) Memory cell

32. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity ? Pop Quiz Answer 17.2 Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell? A) Helper cell B) Plasma cell C) Cytotoxic cell D) Memory cell

33. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific immunity B Cells Originate and mature in red bone marrow Produce antibodies Provide humoral immunity Cell types –Plasma cells Secrete antibodies –Memory b cells

34. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 17-5 Activation of B cells. What two types of cells develop from activated B cells?

35. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity Functions of Antibodies Bind antigen Promote phagocytosis Activate nk cells Neutralize toxins Activate complement

36. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 17-6 Production of antibodies (Ab).

37. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

38. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity ✓ Checkpoints 17-9What is an antibody? 17-10What type of cells produce antibodies?

39. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity Learning Outcomes 8.Differentiate between natural and artificial acquired immunity. 9.Differentiate between active and passive immunity. 10.Define the term vaccine and give several examples of vaccines. 11.Define the term immune serum and give several examples of immune.

40. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity Types of Specific Immunity Naturally acquired immunity –Natural active immunity –Natural passive immunity Artificially acquired immunity –Artificial active immunity –Artificial passive immunity

41. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific immunity Naturally Acquired Immunity Natural active immunity –Acquired through contact with a specific disease organism Natural passive immunity –Acquired through transmission of maternal antibodies to fetus and baby

42. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific immunity Artificially Acquired Immunity Artificial active immunity –Acquired through contact with a vaccine Artificial passive immunity –Acquired through delivery of manufactured antibodies to individual

43. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 17-7 Specific immunity.

44. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity Types of Vaccines Live Attenuated Toxoid Killed by heat or chemicals Antigenic component Genetically engineered

45. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity Boosters Active immunity does not always last a lifetime Repeated inoculations (booster shots) help maintain high titer of antibodies in the blood Number and timing varies with vaccines

46. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

47. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity ✓ Checkpoints 17-11What is the difference between natural and artificial acquired immunity? 17-12What is the difference between the active and passive forms of acquired immunity? 17-13What are some bacterial diseases for which there are vaccines? 17-14What are some viral diseases for which there are vaccines? 17-15What is an immune serum and when are immune sera used?

48. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity ? Pop Quiz 17.3 Which form of immunity results from a vaccination? A) Natural active immunity B) Natural passive immunity C) Artificial active immunity D) Artificial passive immunity

49. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Specific Immunity ? Pop Quiz Answer 17.3 Which form of immunity results from a vaccination? A) Natural active immunity B) Natural passive immunity C) Artificial active immunity D) Artificial passive immunity

50. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Immune Disorders Learning Outcome 12.Discuss several immune disorders.

51. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Disorders of the Immune System Allergy –Hypersensitivity –Anaphylaxis Autoimmunity Immune deficiency diseases –Congenital –Acquired (e.g., AIDS) Multiple myeloma

52. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Disorders of the Immune System Allergy Abnormal reactivity to one’s own tissues Factors –Disease –Loss of immune system control –Cross-reaction of antibodies and self antigens Treatments –Immune-suppressing drugs –Chemotherapy/stem cell replacement

53. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Disorders of the Immune System Failure of immune system May involve any part of system Varies in severity Congenital or acquired (e.g., AIDS) HIV –A retrovirus; uses reverse transcriptase enzyme

54. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 17-8 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

55. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

56. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Disorders of the Immune System Multiple Myeloma Cancer of blood-forming bone marrow cells Effects of disease –Lowered resistance to infection –Anemia –Bone pain –Bone tissue loss –Kidney failure Treatment –Chemotherapy –Bone marrow transplants

57. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Disorders of the Immune System ✓ Checkpoint 17-16What are some immune disorders?

58. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease The Immune System and Cancer Learning Outcome 13.Explain the role of the immune system in preventing cancer.

59. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease The Immune System and Cancer Immune surveillance –Declines with age Immunotherapy –T cells activated with interleukin –Vaccines

60. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Transplantation and Rejection Syndrome Learning Outcome 14.Explain the role of immunity in tissue transplantation.

61. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Transplantation and Rejection Syndrome Rejection syndrome caused by normal antigen–antibody reaction Reduced by –Tissue typing –Immune suppression drugs

62. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease ✓ Transplantation and Rejection Syndrome Checkpoint 17-17What is the greatest obstacle to tissue transplantation from one person to another?

63. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Case Study Learning Outcome 15.Using the case study, describe the events that occur in Maria’s immune system after her vaccination.

64. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Case Study Events That Occur in Maria’s Immune System After Vaccination Nonspecific and specific immune systems activated Plasma cells produce specific antibodies for the specific virus immunized against.

65. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Word Anatomy Learning Outcome 16. Show how word parts are used to build words related to immunity.

66. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Word Anatomy

67. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease