1. A little hardware; a little software CS 139 – 08/29/07

2. Algorithm Review In lab yesterday, we built algorithms. Which was the best algorithm? Why? Four characteristics of good algorithms Precise – no ambiguity Simple – each step does one discrete thing Complete – no steps are missing Correct – leads to the same correct result each time

3. Next week We will work more on making the language of algorithms more precise.

4. This session We want to explore some of the environment in which we will implement our algorithms….the computer. Parts of the computer Data storage OS File Systems

5. Flow of Information The parts are connected to one another by a collection of wires called a bus Figure 5.2 Data flow through a von Neumann architecture

6. Stored-Program Concept Figure 5.1 The von Neumann architecture

7. The Fetch-Execute Cycle Fetch the next instruction Decode the instruction Get data if needed Execute the instruction

8. Memory Memory is a collection of cells, each with a unique physical address Page 122

9. RAM and ROM RAM stands for Random Access Memory Inherent in the idea of being able to access each location is the ability to change the contents of each location ROM stands for Read Only Memory The contents in locations in ROM cannot be changed RAM is volatile, ROM is not This means that RAM does not retain its bit configuration when the power is turned off, but ROM does

10. Secondary Storage Devices Because most of main memory is volatile and limited, it is essential that there be other types of storage devices where programs and data can be stored when they are no longer being processed Secondary storage devices can be installed within the computer box at the factory or added later as needed

11. Magnetic Disks A read/write head travels across a spinning magnetic disk, retrieving or recording data Figure 5.5 The organization of a magnetic disk

12. Compact Disks A CD drive uses a laser to read information stored optically on a plastic disk CD-ROM is Read-Only Memory DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disk

13. Sizes in Perspective Page 119

14. File Systems A file is a named collection of related data A file system is the logical view that an operating system provides so that users can manage information as a collection of files A file system is often organized by grouping files into directories

15. Directory Trees Figure 11.4 A Windows directory tree

16. Directory Trees A directory of files can be contained within another directory The directory containing another is usually called the parent directory, and the one inside is called a subdirectory A file system is often viewed as a directory tree The directory at the highest level is called the root directory

17. Figure 11.5 A Unix Directory Tree

18. Directory Trees At any point in time, you can be thought of as working in a particular location (that is, a particular subdirectory) This subdirectory is referred to as the current working directory

19. Path Names To indicate a particular file using text, we specify that file’s path, which is the series of directories through which you must go to find the file An absolute path name begins at the root and specifies each step down the tree until it reaches the desired file or directory A relative path name begins from the current working directory

20. Path Names Examples of absolute path C:\Program Files\MS Office\WinWord.exe C:\My Documents\letters\applications\vaTech.doc C:\Windows\System\QuickTime Suppose the current working directory is C:\My Documents\letters Then the following relative path names could be used cancelMag.doc applications\calState.doc

21. Demo

22. Text and Binary Files In a text file the bytes of data are organized as characters from the ASCII or Unicode character sets A binary file requires a specific interpretation of the bits based on the information in the file

23. Text and Binary Files The terms text file and binary file are somewhat misleading They seem to imply that the information in a text file is not stored as binary data Ultimately, all information on a computer is stored as binary digits These terms refer to how those bits are formatted: as chunks of 8 or 16 bits, interpreted as characters, or in some other special format

24. File Types Most files, whether they are in text or binary format, contain a specific type of information For example, a file may contain a Java program, a JPEG image, or an MP3 audio clip The kind of information contained in a document is called the file type Most operating systems recognize a list of specific file types

25. File Types File names are often separated, usually by a period, into two parts Main name File extension The file extension indicates the type of the file Figure 11.1 Some common file types and their extensions

26. File Protection In multiuser systems, file protection is of primary importance We don’t want one user to be able to access another user’s files unless the access is specifically allowed A file protection mechanism determines who can use a file and for what general purpose

27. File Protection A file’s protection settings in the Unix operating system is divided into three categories Owner Group World Page 356

28. Algorithms

29. Problem Solving Problem solving is the act of finding a solution to a perplexing, distressing, vexing, or unsettled question

30. Ask Questions... …to understand the problem What do I know about the problem? What is the information that I have to process in order the find the solution? What does the solution look like? What sort of special cases exist? How will I recognize that I have found the solution?

31. Algorithms An algorithm is set of instructions for solving a problem or subproblem in a finite amount of time using a finite amount of data The instructions are unambiguous

32. Computer Problem-Solving Figure 6.2 The computer problem-solving process

33. Figure 6.3: The Interactions Between Problem-Solving Phases

34. Following an Algorithm Preparing a Hollandaise sauce Figure 6.4

35. Following an Algorithm (cont.) Preparing a Hollandaise sauce Page 150

36. A Computer Example Problem Create an address list that includes each person’s name, address, telephone number, and e-mail address This list should then be printed in alphabetical order The names to be included in the list are on scraps of paper and business cards

37. A Computer Example Page 156

38. A Computer Example Page 157

39. A Computer Example Page 158

40. A Computer Example Page 159