1. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

2. Photosynthesis Basics Purpose – to make food Place – Chloroplast Energy Conversion – Light (Sun) to Cellular (ATP to Chemical Potential (Glucose) Steps: 1.Light Independent Reactions 2.Light Dependent Reactions

3. Light Dependent Reactions Also called “Light Reactions” or “Electron Transport” Purpose – to convert water and sunlight to ATP and NADPH NADPH is a high energy electron carrier Place – across thylakoid membranes in the chloroplasts

4. Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation are energy waves emitted by different processes around us all the time Radio waves, infrared waves, ultraviolet, gamma rays, x rays are examples Most of them we cannot see, but our eyes are able to detect a very small range of wavelengths we call visible light

6. Colors appear different because they are different wavelengths of light

7. Sunlight or “white” light “White” light is a combination of all the wavelengths of light mixed together (our eyes can’t separate them)

8. Visible Light Spectrum

9. Chlorophyll is a pigment molecule found in plant cells Carotenoids and other pigments are called accessory pigments Together they absorb most of the wavelengths of light in the visible spectrum They do not absorb green and some yellow Those wavelengths are reflected back to our eyes making plants appear to be green

11. Light Independent Reactions Also called “Dark reactions” or “Calvin Cycle” Purpose – To use the ATP and NADPH from the Light reactions and the CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere to make glucose Place – Stroma of the chloroplasts

12. Cellular Respiration Purpose – to break down molecules from the food you eat and convert the energy stored in them to ATP Place – mainly in the mitochondria If oxygen is not present – Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) If oxygen is present – Aerobic (2 steps) 1.Kreb’s Cycle 2.Electron Transport

13. Glycolysis Purpose – to split glucose in half Place – Cytoplasm Products – 2 NADH, 2 Net ATP If oxygen is present in the cell, the two halves of glucose will enter the Mitochondria

14. Aerobic Respiration Occurs when oxygen is present After glycolysis the two halves of glucose enter the mitochondria and are completely broken down to carbon dioxide molecules by 1.Kreb’s Cycle 2.Electron Transport Chain

15. Kreb’s Cycle Purpose – to break down glucose to 6 carbon dioxide molecules Place – Matrix of the mitochondria Products – 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 NADH and FADH2 are High energy electron carriers (still carrying some of the Energy from glucose)

16. Electron Transport Purpose – to make ATP from high energy electrons Place – across the inner membrane of the mitochondria Products – 28-34 ATP Electron Transport uses the high energy electrons from all the NADH and FADH2 that have been made to make ATP

17. Electron Transport

18. Bookkeeping Each NADH molecule carries enough energy to make 3 ATP Each FADH2 molecule carries enough energy to make 2 ATP