1. Europeans in the Americas

2. The Spanish Empire in America
Spanish divided empire into 2 central divisions
New Spain
Mexico & Central America
Peru
western coast of South America

3. Spain - Cortés Cortes conquers the Aztecs – 1521 Superior weapons
muskets and cannons
Help from other native American groups
Didn’t like Aztec rule
Malinche – translator
Smallpox
much smaller Native American population to fight

5. Spain - Pizarro Pizarro conquers the Incas– 1532 (Peru)
Battle of Cajamarca
187 Spaniards vs 80,000 Inca Soldiers!!
Incas unprepared for battle
Spanish had Superior weapons and Horses
Inca Atahualpa taken captive

6. Economy in the Americas
Goal = Make Spain profitable
Sugar Cane Introduced to West Indies
Refined into sugar, molasses & rum
BUT Required plantations—large estates run by an owner, or owner's overseer
Encomiendas created – a system giving the Spanish the right to demand labor or tribute (payment) from Native Americans
NOTE: System was meant to be fair labor, but led to brutal slavery—starvation & cruel treatment to those who resisted

8. Opposition to Spanish Rule
Bartolomeo de la Casas
Outspoken Spanish Priest
Spoke out against cruel treatment of native Americans
1542 – Encomienda system abolished
African labor promoted by many to replace Native American labor

10. FRANCE - Cartier: sailed up the St Lawrence River,
Established -“Mount Royal” Mont Real = Montreal.
Became NEW FRANCE

11. $$$$$$ New France Area was very large, but sparsely populated
France was interested in TRADE.
NOT interested in establishing colonies.
Did NOT build town or establish families
$$$$$$

12. ENGLISH
1607 – King James approves a charter by English investors to found a colony in North America. – Jamestown
After a disastrous beginning of searching for gold, farmer discovered their own type of gold – tobacco
Puritans – fled Anglican Church persecution in England
Brought families to build a model community

13. The Netherlands – the Dutch
Establish New Amsterdam (modern-day NYC)
Henry Hudson –
Englishman in service of Netherlands looking for route to Asia
Established trade with Iroquois Indians
Expanded the fur trade - again, like the French, lots of profit, but limited colonists

14. The Netherlands – the Dutch

15. The Caribbean
Europeans countries colonized the Caribbean Island (taking over some land from Spain)
French – Haiti, Guadalupe, Martinique
English – Barbados and Jamaica
Dutch – Antilles and Aruba
Each Build huge Cotton and Sugar plantations
Demand HUGE amounts of labor

16. North American Battle
The English, getting permission from the Duke of York, drive out the Dutch and claim “New York”
Dutch surrender without a shot.
Expanding English colonies clash with French lands holdings
French and Indian War (1750s)
English win and control most of North America

18. Social Classes of the Spanish Colonies
Peninsulares – people born in Spain and filled the highest government positions.
Creoles – American born decedents of Spanish settlers. Creoles owned most of the Plantations, ranches, and mines.
Mestizos – Mixed European and Native American descent.
Mulattos – Mixed European and African decent

19. Exit Card: What does the picture tell you about the encomienda system?
The Spanish encomienda system was how land was distributed in the New World. Native Americans were enslaved and forced to work on Spanish plantations and mines.
What does the picture tell you about the encomienda system?
What advantages did the Spanish have that helped them enslave Native Americans?
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