1. Alternative Winter Cover Crops and Systems for Virginia

2. Cover crops offer the best opportunity to “intensify” our current row crop rotations Increase soil organic matter Retain and cycle nutrients Retain water Manage pests?

3. Species Demonstrations Early Cover Hairy Vetch Common Vetch Wooly pod vetch (Lana) Crimson Clover Austrian Winter Peas Sweet Lupins Tillage Radish Phacelia Rye Barley Ryegrass Spring oats Barley+Crimson+tillage radish Rye+Vetch+Pea+tillage radish Rye+ryegrass+tillage radish Spring oats+canola Spring oat+tillage radish Spring oat + barley Barley+Crimson+Woolly Pod Vetch+Peas +tillage radish+canola Ryegrass+Crimson+Woolly Pod Vetch+Peas +tillage radish+canola

4. WINTERSPRING DM BIOMASS N UPTAKE DM BIOMASS N UPTAKE ---------LB/AC-------- - Rye+Ryegrass+Tillage radish166057327776 Barley154355270557 Ryegrass+Crimson+Woolly Pod Vetch+Peas +Tillage radish+Canola142649255668 Rye+Vetch+Pea+Tillage radish134341270562 Barley+Crimson+Tillage radish132744251358 Tillage Radish1285432113 Barley+Crimson+Woolly Pod Vetch+Peas+Tillage radish+Canola126439184840 Rye125136237659 Spring oats+Tillage radish123940128922 Phacelia10923850612 Spring oats+Canola105433217346 Spring oats105233111217 Ryegrass95430155632 Wooly pod vetch (Lana)72824161050 Crimson Clover68516138538 Indian Head Lentils655211074 Common Vetch5761752517 Austrian Winter Peas5661756525 Spring Oat + Barley50011208730 Sweet Lupins4911473014 Persian Clover442122024 Early Cover Hairy Vetch31811137440 Yellow Sweet Blossom Clover244552511 Arrowhead Clover18042656 Subterranean Clover16821915

5. Rye Biomass 2100 lb/ac1100 lb/ac3490 lb/ac 390 lb/ac 796 lb/ac 199 lb/ac

6. Summary Fall growth – Rye, barley, and mixtures with them – Radish, phacelia, and spring oats Spring growth – Rye, barley, and mixtures with them – Vetch and clover (depending on termination)

7. Summary Canola deserves a look Mixtures were surprisingly good

8. Mar 22, 2006 Rye+Vetch EarlyRye+Vetch Late Oats Late

9. Growth Response to Temperature 38 550 2250

10. Species X Date Interseeded into Soybean, 2012-13. Average of 4 locations

11. Aerial/Broadcast Seeding “Success”

12. All typesRye onlyLegumes Dry Matter, lb/ac in December ------% of samples------ <200 lb/ac40%9%75% <800 lb/ac46%29%92% >800 lb/ac54%61%8%

13. Rye Only Shen Valley – early September planting After Oct 25 Little/no rain after seeding Planted before Oct 8

14. Natural Leaf Drop Vs. Chemical Defoliation, Suffolk (Dual + Prowl PRE fb Roundup + FirstRate POST to Soybean) LSD = NS

15. Natural Leaf Drop Vs. Chemical Defoliation, Blacksburg LSD = NS

16. Wheat Stubble Management Effects on Winter Cover Establishment LSD = NS

17. Cover Crop Species for Broadcast Seeding into Soybean Canopy (Dual + Prowl PRE fb Roundup + FirstRate POST to Soybean in Suffolk)

18. Leaching and EFI EFI = Precip * soil AWHC

19. Exchange Frequency Index <1.50.5-1.51.5-2.5>2.5 Rel. RiskLowModerateHighVery High % of years in leaching risk category Loamy Sand0.741.137.620.6 Sandy Loam7.159.631.91.4 Silt Loam12.169.518.40