3. Territory Mesopotamia North Africa Spain Crete, Sicily, and Sardinia Northwest India Dominated eastern Mediterranean Sea Capital at Damascus

4. Islamic Expansion

5. Subjects Only Muslim Arabs first- class citizens and shared in booty Local populations converted to Islam (Mawali). What was motivation? Non-Arab Muslims- discrimination Number of conversions during Umayyad low Dhimmis- “People of the Book.”

6. Family and Gender Islam under Muhammad stressed family and equality of women Women had some freedom under Umayyads- pursued wide range of occupations Rising Arab urbanization = decline of women’s rights Persian custom of seclusion / harem

7. Decline and Fall Umayyad became soft and corrupt due to increasing wealth and power Warrior lifestyle declined Decadent living sparked revolts Indian frontier - warrior settlers revolted under banner of Abbasid party - aided by Shi’ites and Mawali 750 CE victory over Umayyads

8. Decline and Fall Umayyads wiped out Grandson of Umayyad caliph escaped to Spain- founded Caliphate of Cordoba

10. The Abbasids Abbasids turned on Shi’ite allies Built centralized state- absolute power Capital at Baghdad Bureaucracy under Wazir Royal executioner - intimidation Revenues in form of tribute and taxes Abbasids grew less powerful at distance

11. The Abbasids Caliphs placed themselves above Islamic law Rulers called themselves “Shadow of god on Earth” Divine rule? Caliphs became remote from people Practice of dividing booty discarded New emphasis on conversions

12. The Abbasids Mawali gained equality with Arab Muslims Persians became powerful force in Abbasid court

13. Commerce and Urbanization Wealth and status of merchant and landlord class grew Muslims and Tang China became engines behind revival of world trade Technology - Arab Dhows & lateen (triangular) sails Business partnerships between Muslims, Christians, and Jews.

14. The Astrolabe

15. Commerce and Urbanization Increase in handicraft production (furniture, carpets, glass, etc) Guild associations formed Wealthy landed elite formed called Ayan Many farmers were tenants, sharecroppers, or migrant laborers Towns flourished despite political instability A shop in a bazaar

16. Slavery Unskilled labor done by slaves - some brutality Slaves could gain freedom and/or serve in positions of power Most drudge labor slaves were Zanj slaves (non-Muslim Africans) Beautiful / educated slaves prized Slave women had more freedom than Muslim women Zanj Slaves

17. Slavery Caliph had up to 4,000 slave concubines Most slaves from Balkans, Central Asia, and Sudanic Africa Word “slave” derived from “Slav” A caliph and his concubine

18. Women Women increasingly subjugated to men (harem / veil) Women from lower classes worked to help support family Rich women had no outlets Marriage age at puberty (legal age= 9) Purdah: wearing of the veil and seclusion

19. Islamic Culture Muslims influenced by conquered peoples Islamic technological advances Despite decline of Abbasids, professional classes expanded (towns) Persian culture dominated Abbasid court Persian court and cultural language Poetry - Rubiyat- Omar Khayyam The Rubiyat

20. Religious Trends Religious scholars (ulama) became increasingly reactionary Sufi movement- wandering mystics- factor in spread of Islam Whirling Dervish – Sufi whirls himself into trance-like state

21. Abbasid Decline Shi’ite revolts plagued Abbasids Decadent living strained revenues Problem of succession Court intrigue- wives, concubines, ministers, eunuchs, etc Increasing influence of Persian ministers over caliphs

22. Abbasid Decline Harun al-Rashid – most famous caliph Rashid’s death resulted in civil wars over succession Successors created bodyguard of slave mercenaries - Turks (70,000) Turks became power behind throne- murdered and replaced caliphs.

23. Abbasid Decline Turkish mercenaries became violent force in Muslim society- source of constant riots Expense of putting down Turks, paying other mercenary forces, construction projects caused financial crisis Villages placed under rule of mercenaries in lieu of payment A Turkish warrior

24. Abbasid Decline Pillaging led to destruction / abandonment of villages Irrigation structure collapsed Peasants fled, died, or turned to banditry Loss of territory as regions split from Abbasid rule Buyids of Persia (breakaway region) captured Baghdad- caliphs became puppets (945 CE)

25. Seljuk Turks Buyid control broken in 1055 by Seljuk Turks Turkish military rulers ran empire in name of caliphs Turks crushed Byzantine army and opened Anatolian Peninsula to settlement Crusades

26. End of the Caliphate Mongol assaults on Muslim Persia by Chinggis Khan Hulegu Khan (grandson) completed conquest of Baghdad in 1258 Last Abbasid caliph executed Mongols turned back by Mameluk Turks (rulers of Egypt) Islamic center of gravity shifted to Cairo IslamIslamic Civilization