1. Ch 14

2.  I. Introduction  The Mongols caused numerous disruptions throughout Europe and Asia  Conquered areas very quickly  Chinggis Khan- most famous Mongol leader  After death, sons divided up his territory  Were known as very fierce/brutal warriors yet were tolerant and led to peaceful reign

3.   Mongols  Were nomads whose life revolved around their horses  Military based on cavalry with short bows, lances, hatches and maces  Got their milk, meat and clothing from their herds  Had tents made from hides which they would move when they would settle.  Divided up in clans/tribes  Would unite together from time to time when there was a strong leader I. Introduction

4.  II. Chinggis Khan  Born as Temujin  Grew up in the period after Kabul Khan’s death  Teenage years  Father was poisoned  Temujin was imprisoned by rival clan  Escaped and joined up with another strong clan

5.   Temujin developed a reputation by defeating his rivals  A Kuriltai (meeting of all Mongol chiefs) in made Temujin the Khagan- changed his name to Chinggis Khan  Greatly improved military  Divided military in Tumens (10,000 warriors)  Subdivided in various units of 10  Messengers and spies  Death to deserters  Procured new weapons: Flaming /Exploding arrows, cannons and other gunpowder projectiles II. Chinggis Khan

6.   Conquest and the Mongol Empire  Ruled ½ million + Mongols  Chinggis loved making war  Death to those who resisted and tributes from those who surrendered  Rewarded brave enemies  Used siege weapons- catapults, rams, bamboo rockets II. Chinggis Khan

7.   Chinggis first attacked North China  Attacked the Khwarazm Empire ruled by Muhammad Shah II  Completely overwhelmed them after being insulted  Later established a capital in Karakorum  Died in August 1227 while reinvading into Northern China  Death march back to Mongolia for burial II. Chinggis Khan

8.   Chinggis’s empire was divided among his 3 sons and his grandson Batu (dead son’s son)  Ogedei became the grand kahn  Territories were called khanates II. Chinggis Khan

9.   Mongols who invaded Europe were known as the Golden Horde  Russians called them Tartars  Russia was an easy target due to being divided up into small kingdoms  Only time Russia was successfully invaded in the winter  By 1240, Russia fell under Mongol rule for 250 yrs III. Mongolian Westward Expansion

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11.   Russian under Mongols  Caused some peasants to became serfs due to fear of Mongol raids  Some towns profited from increases in trade  Moscow greatly benefited and gained power as a tribute collection center  Eventually gained enough power and following to overthrow the mongols  Battle of Kulikova 1380 III. Mongolian Westward Expansion

12.   Mongol assault on Islam  Destroyed Baghdad in 1258  Overthrew caliphate and killed 800,000  Ended a dynasty that lasted for 500+ years  Overthrown by Mamluks III. Mongolian Westward Expansion

13.   Mongols invaded China after Ogedei became the great kahn  Campaigns in south China were led by Kubilai Kahn(1235-1279)  1260 Kublilai Kahn became great kahn  1271 changed his empire in China to the Yuan (kahn) dynasty IV. Mongols in China

14.   General life under Kubilai Kahn  Mongols and ethnic Chinese were not allowed to marry  But nomadic women were allowed  Mongols lived in tents even though Kubilai lived in a palace  Would not allow civil service exams  Social Structure: Mongols, Nomadic/Muslim allies, North Chinese and then the Ethnic/South Chinese IV. Mongols in China

15.   Women in China under Mongol rule  Mongol women did not practice foot binding  Women could keep property  Mongol women were not dainty  Hunted and Kubilai’s daughter wrestled potential suitors  Chabi  Kubilai’s wife  Balanced out Kubilai’s rule and acted as his advisor IV. Mongols in China

16.   Chinese Culture under Mongols  Opened up China to outside influence  Brought in Muslims and their advancements  Doctors and astronomers were very important  Promoted the arts  Helped boost trade and merchants  Built navy  Welcomed travelers  Marco Polo (helped inspire Europeans to travel to Asia) IV. Mongols in China

17.   Mongol’s warrior image started to deteriorate  Lost to Japanese, Song Revolts & failures in Vietnam  Started to allow Chinese and Muslims to run bureaucracy  Couldn’t stop piracy  Famines hit  White Lotus Society  Secret society that used “magic” to resist Mongol rule  Mongols lost power and had to retreat from China V. Fall of House of Yuan

18.   Chaos followed the fall of the Mongols  Poor Peasant, Ju Yuanzhang took over  Resulted in Ming Dynasty (14 th Century)  Lasted for 300 years V. Fall of House of Yuan