1. Skeletal, Muscular and Nervous Systems

4. Skeletal System ► The Five main roles of your skeletal system:  Provides support  Protects internal organs  Allows your body to move  Stores and produces materials needed by the body

5. Skeletal System ► The center of your skeleton is the backbone, or vertebral column. ► It consists of 33 vertebrae. ► It protects the spinal cord. ► The skull protects the brain. ► The ribs protect the heart, lungs and other internal organs.

6. Skeletal System ► Many skeletal bones act as levers for movement. They provide a point of attachment for skeletal muscle. ► Let’s think of some examples.

7. Skeletal System ► Your bones store calcium and phosphorous, which are released into the body when needed. ► The breastbone and femur produce red blood cells.

8. Skeletal System ► Joint: A point where to more bones come together. ► Cartilage: A tough supportive tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone. ► Ossification: cartilage hardens and turns into bone. Remember, babies have approximately 100 more bones than adults. Cells continue to repair themselves after ossification, even when broken.

9. Skeletal System ► Compact bone and spongy bone make bones hard, yet light. ► Bone marrow: fills the spaces in bone.  Red marrow: produces blood cells.  Yellow marrow: stores fat.

10. Skeletal System ► Bone joints allow for movement, protecting from friction and force. ► Two types of joints, immovable (skull) and movable. ► Types of movable  Pivot  Gliding  Ball and socket  Hinge

11. Skeletal System ► Ligament: hold bones together. ► Osteoporosis: bones become weak due to mineral loss. ► Exercise helps increase the strength of bone. ► Fracture: The break of the bone. Several different kinds of fractures.

14. Skeletal System Injuries ► Sprain: An overstretched or torn ligament. R.I.C.E. to treat a sprain. ► Dislocation: Bone ends forced out of their proper location. The bones need to be put back into location and then braced until they heal. ► Torn Cartilage: Cartilage between bones is torn. Typically repaired with surgery. Quite common in the knees. ► Overuse Injuries: Can happen for various reasons, although poor practice in sport and work are often the cause.

15. Skeletal System ► Scoliosis: Curvature of the spine. ► Kyphosis: Curvature of upper spine. ► Lordosis: Curvature of lower spine.

18. Muscular System ► There are three types of muscle tissue in the body ► Smooth  Involuntary muscle causing movement in the body. These are found in intestines and blood vessels.

19. Muscular System ► Cardiac  This type of muscle only found in the heart and is involuntary ► Skeletal  These are voluntary muscles that control motor movement of our body. They are attached to your skeleton.

20. Muscular System ► Muscle Tone: A continuous slight tension in your muscles. Examples? ► Atrophy: The weakening and shrinking of muscle tissue. ► Hypertrophy: The strengthening and enlargement of muscle tissue.

21. Muscular System ► Skeletal muscles work in opposition of each other. For example, the biceps oppose the movement of the triceps.

22. Muscle Injuries ► Strain: a pulled muscle. ► Tendonitis: Inflammation of the tendon. ► Muscle Cramps: Strong, uncontrolled muscle contraction. Often caused by dehydration, lack of electrolytes and overuse.

23. ► http://video.about.com/sportsmedicine/Pulle d-Groin-Muscle.htm http://video.about.com/sportsmedicine/Pulle d-Groin-Muscle.htm http://video.about.com/sportsmedicine/Pulle d-Groin-Muscle.htm

24. Muscle Injuries ► How can we prevent injury to the muscle?

25. Nervous System ► The system of the body which receives information internally and externally, process the information, and then develops a response.

26. Nervous System ► Neuron: a cell which is the basic structural unit of the nervous system. ► Three types of neurons  Sensory  Interneurons  Motor Neurons

27. Neurons ► Sensory: These neurons gather information from outside your external and internal environment. ► Interneurons: Receive messages from sensory neurons. These neurons are located in the brain and spinal cord. ► Motor Neurons: Neurons that send commands to muscles and glands to react.

28. The BRAIN

31. ► The Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord, and is the control center of the body. ► Cerebrum: Eighty five percent of the brain’s weight. There are two halves, separated by the corpus collusum. It controls speech, movement, abstract and analytical thought.

32. The BRAIN ► Cerebellum: Coordinates body movements and provides balance. ► Brain Stem: Contains the midbrain, pons and medulla. All of these are responsible for involuntary actions in the body. It contains the midbrain, pons and medulla

33. Spinal Cord ► A thick column of nerve tissue linking the brain to most of the nervous in the peripheral system. ► The vertebrae of the backbone surround and protect the spinal cord. ► It’s like the superhighway of your nervous system. Information is passed throughout your body via the spinal cord.

36. Reflexes ► An automatic response to stimuli. ► What is the stretch reflex? ► How does it apply to exercise?

37. Peripheral Nervous System ► The network of nerves that links the rest of your body to your brain. ► Sensory Division: Nerves from your external and internal environment that carry information to the CNS. ► Motor Division: The nerves that carry a response from the CNS to the rest of your body. Two divisions, somatic and autonomic.

38. Peripheral Nervous System ► Somatic Nervous System: Motor nerves that carry signals for voluntary muscle movements, such as chewing and throwing. ► Autonomic Nervous System: Motor nerves regulate involuntary muscle movements, such as breathing and digestion.

39. Injury and Disease of Nervous Systems ► Concussion: A bruise of the brain caused by a blunt force to the head. ► Coma: A prolonged period of deep unconsciousness, caused by disease, trauma or drugs. ► Paralysis: Loss of the ability to move and feel a part of the body.

40. Injury and Disease of Nervous Systems ► Meningitis: A highly contagious disease that causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain an spinal cord. ► Rabies: An infection of the CNS caused by the bite of a rabid animal.

41. THE END