1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Appendicular Skeleton

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the limbs and their girdles Pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the body trunk Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) Clavicles and the scapulae Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton Provide attachment sites for muscles that move the upper limbs PLAY A&P Flix™: Bones of the pectoral girdle

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.24a Clavicle Acromio- clavicular joint Scapula (a)Articulated pectoral girdle

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Clavicles (Collarbones) Flattened acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula Cone-shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.24b Acromial (lateral) end (b)Right clavicle, superior view Posterior Sternal (medial) end Anterior

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) Situated on the dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7 Flat and triangular, with three borders and three angles Seven large fossae, named according to location

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25a Acromion Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Superior border Superior angle Subscapular fossa Medial border Inferior angle Glenoid cavity Lateral border (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25b Superior angle Medial border Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Acromion Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Lateral border Infraspinous fossa Spine (b) Right scapula, posterior aspect Supraspinous fossa

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25c Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Acromion Spine (c) Right scapula, lateral aspect Supraspinous fossa Inferior angle Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa PosteriorAnterior

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Upper Limb 30 bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb Arm Humerus Forearm Radius and ulna Hand 8 carpal bones in the wrist 5 metacarpal bones in the palm 14 phalanges in the fingers

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Humerus Largest, longest bone of upper limb Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.26a Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Radial fossa Capitulum Head of humerus Anatomical neck Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea (a) Anterior view

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Forearm Ulna Medial bone in forearm Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus Radius Lateral bone in forearm Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with radial notch of ulna Interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna along their entire length

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.27a-b Olecranon process Trochlear notch Proximal radioulnar joint Distal radioulnar joint Styloid process of radius Radius Neck of radius Head of radius Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Interosseous membrane Ulna Head Neck Radial tuberosity Radius Styloid process of radius (a) Anterior view(b) Posterior view

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.27c-d (c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch View (d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Styloid process Articulation for scaphoid Articulation for lunate Styloid process View

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.26c-d Coronoid fossa Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Capitulum Trochlea (c) Anterior view at the elbow region Humerus Medial epicondyle Coronoid process of ulna Ulna Radial notch Olecranon fossa Ulna Olecranon process Medial epicondyle (d) Posterior view of extended elbow Humerus Lateral epicondyle Head Radius Neck

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Hand: Carpus Eight bones in two rows Proximal row Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform proximally Distal row Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate distally Only scaphoid and lunate articulate with radius to form wrist joint

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges Metacarpus Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) form the palm Phalanges Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with the thumb (pollex) Thumb has no middle phalanx

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.28a-b Trapezoid Trapezium Scaphoid Phalanges Carpals Radius Proximal Middle Distal Triquetrum Lunate Capitate Hamate Pisiform Metacarpals Carpals (b) Posterior view of left hand Ulna Base Shaft Head Trapezoid Trapezium Scaphoid Carpals (a) Anterior view of left hand Radius Sesamoid bones

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os coxae) Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong ligaments Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs Support pelvic organs Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.29 Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) llium Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Pubic bone Ischium Sacrum Base of sacrum Acetabulum Pubic symphysis Iliac crest Coccyx Pubic arch Anterior inferior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine PLAY Animation: Rotatable pelvis

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Hip Bone Three regions 1.Ilium Superior region of the coxal bone Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint) 2.Ischium Posteroinferior part of hip bone 3.Pubis Anterior portion of hip bone Midline pubic symphysis joint

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.30a Ilium Posterior superior iIiac spine Greater sciatic notch Posterior inferior iliac spine Ischial body Ischial tuberosity Ischium Obturator foramen Acetabulum Pubic body Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Pubis (a) Lateral view, right hip bone

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparison of Male and Female Pelves Female pelvis Adapted for childbearing True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparison of Male and Female Pelves Male pelvis Tilted less forward Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparison of Male and Female Pelves CharacteristicFemaleMale Bone thicknessLighter, thinner, and smoother Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings Pubic arch/angle80˚– 90˚50˚– 60˚ AcetabulaSmall; farther apartLarge; closer together SacrumWider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral CoccyxMore movable; straighterLess movable; curves ventrally

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Lower Limb Carries the weight of the body Subjected to exceptional forces Three segments of the lower limb Thigh: femur Leg: tibia and fibula Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Femur Largest and strongest bone in the body Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia and patella

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.31 Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Lesser trochanter Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Medial epicondyle Anterior viewPosterior view (b) Femur (thigh bone) Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface Posterior Facet for medial condyle of femur Facet for lateral condyle of femur Surface for patellar ligament Apex Anterior (a) Patella (kneecap)

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Leg Tibia Medial leg bone Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot Fibula Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur Site of muscle attachment Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.32a Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Tibia Medial malleolus Proximal tibiofibular joint Distal tibiofibular joint Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Fibula Head (a) Anterior view

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.32b Medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Articular surface of medial condyle Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Head of fibula Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus (b) Posterior view

37. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Foot: Tarsals Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

38. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges Metatarsals: Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5) Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot” Phalanges The 14 bones of the toes Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges Hallux has no middle phalanx

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.33a Medial cuneiform Phalanges Metatarsals Tarsals Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Proximal 54321 Middle Distal Trochlea of talus

40. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.33b Facet for medial malleolus Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Medial view Intermediate cuneiform Sustentac- ulum tali (talar shelf) Talus Navicular First metatarsal Medial cuneiform Calcaneus PLAY Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot