2. Cranial Bones Facial Bones

3. Cranial Bones 1 frontal bone1 occipital bone 2 parietal bones1 sphenoid bone 2 temporal bones1 ethmoid bone Cranial bones create the cranial cavity. Brain in direct contact with protective membrane in between bones and brain called the meninges.

7. Facial Bones Facial bones have no direct contact with the brain or meninges. 2 maxillae2 nasal bones 2 palatine bones2 inferior nasal conchae 2 zygomatic bones1 vomer 2 lacrimal bones 1 mandible

10. Sinuses in the skeletal system are cavities or chambers in bone. There are 4 paranasal sinuses 1.Frontal sinus 2.Maxillary sinus 3.Sphenoidal sinus 4.Ethmoidal sinus (air cells) * * * Sound resonation Lighten weight of skull Produce mucus Roles:

13. Fontanels are the fibrous regions between the cranial bones of a developing skull. Provide flexibility for growing brain. Most fontanels are fully fused by 12 months. Anterior fontanel does not close for 18 to 20 months of age = “soft spot” on baby head! Allows distortion of skull during birth.

16. Vertebrae – bones of the vertebral column 33 bones in total: –24 separate vertebrae –sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) –coccyx (4 fused vertebrae) pedicle 

17. Cervical vertebrae - 7 bones, (C 1, C 2, C 3 etc.) C 1 - called the Atlas. C 2 - called the Axis. - Articulates with Occipital condyles. - Has a ‘ring’ like structure (no body). - Articulates with the atlas. - Has odontoid process (dens).

19. Thoracic vertebrae – 12 bones, (T 1, T 2, etc.) - Have costal facets for attachment of ribs.

22. Thoracic vertebrae – 12 bones, (T 1, T 2, etc.) Lumbar vertebrae – 5 bones, (L 1, L 2, etc.)

26. Thoracic vertebrae – 12 bones, (T 1, T 2, etc.) Lumbar vertebrae – 5 bones, (L 1, L 2, etc.) Sacral vertebrae – 5 bones, (S 1, S 2, etc.) Coccygeal vertebrae – 4 bones, (Co 1, Co 2, etc.)

28. 1o1o Normal Spinal Curvature 2o2o 2o2o 1o1o

29. Abnormal Curvatures of the Spinal Column