1. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany

2. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 9 Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers

3. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: –Describe dietary supplements and their effect on the body –Give at least four examples of popular dietary supplements on the market today –Explain what performance enhancers do, and why many athletes take them 3

4. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 4 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives (cont’d.) Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.): –Name the athletic organizations that monitor drug use by athletes –Discuss how education is important to the understanding of supplements and performance enhancers –Explain the athletic code of ethics 4

5. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 5 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Popular Nutritional Supplements The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act defines a dietary supplement as: –A product (other than tobacco) intended to enhance the diet, that contains one or more of the following: Vitamins Minerals Amino acids Herbs, and/or other botanical substances 5

6. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) Vitamins –Organic (carbon-containing) compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes –Enable the body to use energy provided by fats, carbohydrates, and proteins 6

7. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 7 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Vitamin supplements –Vitamins taken in addition to those received through the diet –Available in concentrated form in tablets, capsules, and drops According to the FDA, the body cannot distinguish between a vitamin of plant or animal origin (natural) and one manufactured in a laboratory (synthetic) 7 Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.)

8. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 8 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Minerals –Inorganic (non-carbon-containing) element –Necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in body functions –Contribute energy production –Found in water, and natural foods 8 Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.)

9. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 9 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) Herbal supplements –Some of the world's oldest medicines –FDA considers them dietary supplements Not regulated New regulations will give FDA authority to oversee the manufacture of domestic and foreign-made dietary supplements 9

10. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 10 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) Glucosamine –Used to maintain joint cartilage –Types Glucosamine sulfate Glucosamine hydrochloride N-acetyl-glucosamine Chondroitin –Proven abilities to treat osteoarthritis –Also used to treat psoriasis and cancers 10

11. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 11 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Performance Enhancers Ergogenic aid –Any agent that enhances energy utilization, including energy production and efficiency Anabolic-androgenic steroids –Manmade substances related to male sex hormones –Available legally by prescription Adverse effects include liver tumors, cancer, jaundice, fluid retention, and high blood pressure 11

12. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 12 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) Growth hormones –Produced by the pituitary gland –Acts on most organs and tissues in the body –Works by increasing the conversion of amino acids into protein Adverse effects include heart disease, impotence, osteoporosis, and death 12

13. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 13 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) Androstenedione –Steroid hormone naturally produced in both men and women that is converted to testosterone or to estrogen Adverse effects include early puberty, premature cessation of bone growth, extreme aggression, mood changes, decreased levels of cardiac- protective HDLs and elevated levels of estrogen 13

14. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 14 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) Caffeine –Increased alertness, energy, and improves mood –High levels can cause sleeplessness, anxiety, headache, upset stomach, nervousness, and dehydration 14

15. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 15 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) Creatine monohydrate –Amino acid made by the liver and kidneys –Found naturally in skeletal muscle –Is converted into phosphocreatine in the body Serves as a storage reservoir for quick energy Adverse effects include muscle cramping, dehydration, gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and seizures, as well as effects on kidney function 15

16. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 16 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Ephedra –Shrublike plant found in desert regions in central Asia and other parts of the world –Stimulant containing ephedrine –Widely used for weight loss, to boost energy, and to enhance athletic performance Adverse effects include hypertension, palpitations, neuropathy, psychosis, stroke, memory loss, heart- rate irregularities, insomnia, nervousness, tremors, seizures, heart attacks, and death 16 Performance Enhancers (cont’d.)

17. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 17 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards International Olympic Committee Medical Commission –Created to deal with doping National Collegiate Athletic Association –Drug-testing program Several professional athletic teams have written policy statements concerning the use of banned substances 17

18. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 18 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Education for Athletes The Healthy Competition Foundation –Provides research, information, and strategies designed to eliminate use of performance enhancers American College of Sports Medicine International Olympic Committee National Athletic Trainers Association National Collegiate Athletic Association 18

19. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 19 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Education for Athletes (cont’d.) National Federation of State High School Associations Physician and Sports Medicine United States Food and Drug Administration United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) 19

20. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 20 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Ethics in Athletics Athletic code of ethics –Essential for protecting and promoting the interests of athletics and coaching profession –Ethics are basic principles of proper action –Essential elements are honesty and integrity –Code's primary purpose is to clarify and distinguish ethical practices from those that are detrimental and harmful 20

21. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 21 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) Proper conduct and good sportsmanship refer to standards such as: –Treat other persons as you know they should be treated, and as you would wish them to fairly treat you –Regard the rules of your game as agreements, the spirit or letter of which you should not evade or break –Treat officials and opponents with respect 21

22. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) Proper conduct and good sportsmanship standards (cont’d.): –Accept the final decision of any official –Honor visiting teams and spectators as your own guests and treat them as such –Be gracious in victory and defeat –Be as cooperative as you are competitive –Remember that your actions on and off the field reflect upon you and your school 22

23. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 23 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes: –To teach and instruct students in the rules, fundamentals, and skills of various individual and team sports, and to provide physical training –To provide healthy competition and cooperation within and between schools 23

24. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 24 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes (cont’d.): –To develop aspects of good sportsmanship that will enhance each student’s education –To maintain the spirit of true amateur competition 24

25. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 25 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Conclusion The use of dietary supplements and performance enhancers is a controversial issue –It is widely acknowledged that use of supplements and enhancers can do more harm than good –Athletes must understand the associated risks 25