1. Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse

2. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse INTRODUCTION A comparative survey on the situation of older people in inner-city neighbourhoods affected by gentrification in Toulouse and Montréal (see presentation of J.P. Lavoie, V. Burns & D. Rose) A common research question : how and to what extent does the process of gentrification enhance or decrease social exclusion of older people? A clarification to be done : What does “gentrification” mean in the Toulouse urban context? What does “exclusion” mean for older people?

3. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse INTRODUCTION Our presentation: 1 -“Gentrification” or heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in Inner-city Neighbourhoods of Minimes and Marengo? 2 – What is the older people perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods? Conclusion

4. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 1. From “Gentrification”hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo) 1.1.What does “gentrification” mean ( theoretical framework) ? Gentrification : Population change : arrival of residents with a socio-economic level higher than original resident populations. “Underclass” to “upper-middle class » Urban space change : higher rents; rehabilitated buildings and areas, new cultural and commercial services. Devalued to regenerated neighbourhoods Lifestyle change : new ambiance in the neighbourhood, new forms of consumption in the neighbourhood. (Hancock in Levy&Lussault, 2003)

5. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 1. From “Gentrification”hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo) 1.1.What does “gentrification” mean ( theoretical framework) ? “Gentrification” : Not to be reduced to one single theory a plurality of theoretical propositions (Bidou-Zachariasen & alii, 2003; Lees, Slater& Wyly, 2007, Brown-Saracino, 2010 ) “A too general theory” (Bourdin, 2004) More than one process, different temporalities of change in the “regeneration of neighbourhoods” A reduction of complexity (Bourdin, 2004) Very different trends and change in the same areas. This, however, can be seen at the street and building’s levels.

6. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse Localisation of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods Les Minimes Marengo 1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods

7. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse Mix of urban forms in the Neighbourhood Case study Minimes Old detached house and small buildings (« Toulousaines ») Social housing New building on former industrial areas 200 m 1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods

8. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse Mix of urban forms in the Neighbourhood Case study Marengo Old Villas and small buildings (Toulousaines) New building on former brownfield (ZAC Marengo) 100 m 1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods

9. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 1. From “Gentrification”hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo) 1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods Global trends Ageing Neighbourhoods Toulouse : > 60 years : 16,8% (2006) Minimes : > 60 years : 20% (2006) Marengo : > 60 years : 21,2% (2006) Source INSEE / AUAT

10. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 1. From “Gentrification”hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo) 1.2. Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods Global trends… Low and middle incomes But…decreasing workers population And increasing employment of executives (cadres)

11. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 1. From “Gentrification” hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo) 1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods Diversity and contrasted situations at large scales ChaussasBourbakiMarché aux Cochons Frédéric Estèbe MazadesNégreneys10 AvrilTOULOUSE Population (inhab) Variation (1990-2006) 3139 + 71,4 % 2470 - 6,4 % 3116 +22 % 2195 + 7,4 % 2961 + 15,4 % 5261 + 31,4% 2631 + 39% 439 453 + 22,5% Housing stock variation (main residence; 1990-2006) + 114,3%+10,3 %+ 38 %+ 16,2 %+21,4 %+ 37,5 %+ 56,2%+ 39,9% % of « executives » (« cadres »); 1990/2006. 4% 15,1 % 12,1% 7,3 % 5,2% 14,4 % 7,2 % 10,7 % 8,8 % 9,7 % 5,9 % 15,2 % 12,2% 19,1% 9,9% 14,6% 18-39 years (2007) 56,7% 30,2%39,4%29,8%33,9 %43,6 %49,9 %45% 65-79 years (2007) 6,1 %14,5 %10,6 %15,5%11,4 %8,1 %8,4 %8,5% +80 years (2007) 2,9%4 %4,9 %9,3 %7 %4,8 % 4,4% Average annual taxed incomes (/UC; 2006) 18114 E12193 E16804 E15863 E 16725 E1904017438 E Housing stability (% people living here ten years ago) 16,2 % 45,8%39,7%43%39,9%30,6% 26,6%+ 29,7% v v v v LES MINIMESMARENGO

12. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 1. From “Gentrification”hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo) 1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods Stability in housing versus mobility Stability of families and ageing population (no “displacement”, but in some cases, a demografic erosion because of natural trends ) :  Ageing in social housing (tenant, no possibility of eviction)  Ageing as tenant in private housing stock (tenant, no possibility of eviction)  Ageing as owners in detached houses and old buildings (Toulousaines) Mobility and/or turn over of new residents  New owners with high incomes arriving in detached house (slow and marginal trend)  But the main trend is densification of areas of detached houses!  New tenant with small incomes arriving in social housing  New resident with small or average incomes arriving as tenants ; big turn over.

13. Chaussas New building (90-2000) New population (18-39 ans) arriving in Toulouse Chaussas New building (90-2000) New population (18-39 ans) arriving in Toulouse Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse Stability Versus Mobility Médiathèque Buildings (90-2000 ) New population arriving in Toulouse, turn over Médiathèque Buildings (90-2000 ) New population arriving in Toulouse, turn over Bourbaki Social housing Housing stability of older people, Bourbaki Social housing Housing stability of older people, Mazades Social housing Housing stability of older people Mazades Social housing Housing stability of older people Negreneys New building (90-2000) New population (18-39 ans) arriving in Toulouse Negreneys New building (90-2000) New population (18-39 ans) arriving in Toulouse F.Estèbe - Marché au Cochons Ageing tenants and owners in detached house and « Toulousaines » Gentrifying owners tenants with small incomes F.Estèbe - Marché au Cochons Ageing tenants and owners in detached house and « Toulousaines » Gentrifying owners tenants with small incomes 1O avril Ageing tentants and owners in detached house and « Toulousaines » Gentrifying owners upper-middle class tenants with small incomes 1O avril Ageing tentants and owners in detached house and « Toulousaines » Gentrifying owners upper-middle class tenants with small incomes

14. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 2. Older people and their perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods) Diversity of urban forms and neighbourhoods evolutions, diversity of populations : But…. What does this mean to older people? What do older people understand and discern in this evolution of the neighbourhood Do they perceive socio-demographic changes as a factor of exclusion?  A qualitative study 37 interviews with older people ( 30 > 75y) I Marengo (17) and Les Minimes (18). 12 men, 25 women 23 people living alone  First results of qualitative analysis

15. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 2. Older people and their perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods 2.1. A background : theoretical framework Ageing : a dialectic between the self and the environment Sociology of Aging invites us to consider both sides of the urban experiences of elderly:  Perceptions of older people are shaped by concrete changes in the city…. …… But also affected by their individual aging. Two assumptions to be discussed : 1 : Urban space evolution  inaccessibility  retreat  exclusion… 2 : Ageing  stigmatization  negative perception of urban environment  displacement feeling  exclusion feeling

16. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 2. Older people and their perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods) 2.1. A background : theoretical framework The “Déprise” theory and the feeling of change “Déprise” “ A process of negotiation, management, composition, with the self, with the others, with the human and material environment” (Clément & alii, 1988, 1995; Caradec 2004) 4 ageing pattern ( Clement &Membrado, 1999, 2010) 1.Getting old without beeing old 2.Getting old, accumulating ages/years 3. To be old 4.The suffering old age

17. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 2. Older people and their perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods) 2.2. Perception of change of older people in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods Beginning of the analysis, set on the “deprise” theoritical framework. Work in progress… Some emerging elements for further analysis : 1 – Perception of change : picking up fragments of reality. - subjective dimension - normative dimension  We have a “litany of change” with occurred elements (ex : decline of proximity shops; augmentation of traffic; difficulties to be on the move in the urban space (urban barriers); change in neighbourhood relationships) …not directly related with the neighbourhood evolution. 2 – Emerging profiles : Living in the present time - Older people who have a positive perception of change. - no nostalgia, weak evocation of the past - feeling that they can control their environment - a sense of being involved in the changes - denying the distinction of age, making new alliances with younger neighbours in order to avoid marginalisation. Mythologizing the urban past - It’s hard for older people to make sense of environment - feeling that they don’t control their environment - affected by changes Living in a ‘bubble’ - To be indifferent to urban change - focusing on close relatives and relationships

18. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse 2. Older people and their perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods) 2.3. Does urban change mean exclusion? 1 – Does “gentrification” produce “exclusion”? - The patrimonial and legal situation of most of older people facilitate stability and ageing in place  no direct displacement of older people - The term of “gentrification” might not be relevant to define the complexity of urban processes in the Marengo and Minimes neighbourhoods - In the Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods, the older people don’t consider the urban changes as a “gentrification” process, but as the normal trend of global urban dynamics. 2 – Does urban change produce exclusion? Yes, because of barriers…. - Barriers : lack of accessibility of urban space - Barriers : no consideration of rhythms and capabilities of older people - Barriers : social look at disability (stigmatization) -But « urban change » means on one side disappearance of barriers and, on the other side, emergence of new barriers 3 – Does urban change produce feeling of exclusion? Yes, but….. -It’s depending of ageing pattern… influenced by : - housing careers - housing tenure, incomes, social position - involvements (civic, religious, relational…) - self-empowerment

19. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse Conclusion In a comparative survey, the notion of gentrification as to be related to urban and cultural context. The experiences of ageing influences the perception of urban change, independently of the reality of change. the feelings of exclusion base on both dimensions :  The experience of ageing as stigmatization  The experience of a stigmatizating city

20. Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse, Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse, Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse Thank you for your attention