1. 10 cm 3 soil 10 mL Sikora buffer Lime Recommendations with 1 M KCl soil pH and Sikora buffer pH 1 M KCl soil pHSikora buffer pH 10 mL M KCl 1

2. Advantages 2. Accounts for pH buffer capacity of soil 1. Solves problem with low pH in fall 2

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4. 4

5. D1 D0 D1 D3 D0 D3 Average pH for Southeastern KY counties 5

6. pH 8 7 6 5 4 0123456 cmol/kg OH - 0123456 cmol/kg H + 1 M KCl soil pH SMP Mehlich Adams-Evans Typic Fragiudalf silt loam CEC = 7 cmol/kg 6

7. pH 8 7 6 5 4 0123456 cmol/kg OH - 0123456 cmol/kg H + 1 M KCl soil pH SMP Typic Fragiudalf silt loam CEC = 7 cmol/kg 7

8. Empirical correlations Mechanistic approach Lime required Buffer pH Lime added Soil pH 1 M KCl soil pH Buffer pH Lime response curve 8

9. Lime Recommendations with soil pH and soil-buffer pH Soil-water pH Soil-buffer pH 5.6 6.8 9

10. 10

11. Should the same amount of lime be recommended for the two soils below? Soil-water pH Soil-buffer pH 5.6 6.8 4.5 6.8 Soil 1Soil 2 11

12. buffer pH soil- water pH5.55.75.96.16.36.56.76.9 4.5.4.674.00 3.332.67 2.00 4.7.4.674.00 3.332.67 2.00 4.9.4.674.00 3.332.67 2.00 5.1.4.674.003.33 2.672.00 1.33 5.3.4.674.003.332.67 2.00 1.33 5.5.4.003.33 2.67 2.001.33 5.7.4.003.332.67 2.00 1.33 5.9.3.332.672.00 1.33 0.67 6.1.2.00 1.33 0.67 Kentucky LR table based on soil-water pH and Sikora buffer pH 12

13. Double-buffer method for Lime Recommendations Soil pH Soil-buffer pH 1 5.2 5.4 Soil-buffer pH 2 6.4 These two used to assess pH buffer capacity of soil 13

14. pH 8 7 6 5 4 0123456 cmol/kg OH - 0123456 cmol/kg H + SMP SMP with initial pH of 6 soil- water pH 14

15. pH 8 7 6 5 4 0123456 cmol/kg OH - 0123456 cmol/kg H + Sikora = SMP 1 M KCl soil pH = 4.3 Soil-buffer pH = 6.4 15

16. Target pH = 5.5 Added alkalinity (cmol/kg) 16

17. Lime response curve from 1 M KCl soil pH and Sikora buffer pH Titration of soil with KOH in 1 M KCl Titration of soil with KOH in water 17

18. 1:1 line 18

19. Fig. 4 1:1 line c) Correction factor for long-term field neutralization LR = Alkalinity to pH 5.5 x Correction Factor LR using 1 M KCl soil pH and Sikora buffer pH (cmol/kg) Current KY LR ---------------------------- 1 M KCl soil pH and Sikora buffer pH LR 19

20. Correction factor Current KY LR SMP double buffer LR 20

21. Data from Thompson, Kissel, Cabrera, and Sonon (2010) 21

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23. Lime Recommendations with 1 M KCl soil pH and soil-buffer pH 1 M KCl Soil pH Soil-buffer pH 4.6 6.8 5.5 soil-water pH = 23

24. 1 M KCl soil pH and Sikora buffer pH for Lime Recommendations Advantages 2. Accounts for pH buffer capacity of soil 1. Solves problem with low pH in fall 3. Background electrolyte good for quick and stable pH reading 24

25. extra

26. 1 M KCl soil pH = 4.0 Soil-buffer pH = 7.0 Target pH = 5.5

27. buffer pH soil- water pH5.55.75.96.16.36.56.76.90 4.5.4.674.00 3.332.67 2.00 4.7.4.674.00 3.332.67 2.00 4.9.4.674.00 3.332.67 2.00 5.1.4.674.003.33 2.672.00 1.33 5.3.4.674.003.332.67 2.00 1.33 5.5.4.003.33 2.67 2.001.33 5.7.4.003.332.67 2.00 1.33 5.9.3.332.672.00 1.33 0.67 6.1.2.00 1.33 0.67 Current LR table based on soil-water pH and Sikora buffer pH

28. Sikora II buffer pH 1 M KCl soil pH soil- water pH5.55.75.96.16.36.56.76.9 3.474.5.4.754.253.753.253.002.502.001.75 3.694.7.4.754.253.753.253.002.502.001.50 3.914.9.5.004.253.753.252.752.502.001.50 4.135.1.5.004.003.753.252.752.252.001.50 4.355.3.5.004.003.503.002.502.251.751.25 4.575.5.5.004.003.503.002.502.001.751.25 4.795.7.5.004.003.252.752.252.001.501.00 5.015.9.3.753.002.502.001.501.251.00 5.236.1.2.752.001.501.251.000.50 New LR table based on 1 M KCl soil pH and Sikora II buffer pH

29. Buffer pH response to acid

30. pH 8 7 6 5 4 0123456 cmol/kg H + SMP Buffer pH

31. pH 8 7 6 5 4 0123456 cmol/kg OH - 0123456 cmol/kg H + SMP “Lime response curve”

32. Cut out slides with double buffer explanation

33. pH 8 7 6 5 4 0123456 cmol/kg OH - 0123456 cmol/kg H + SMP SMP with initial pH of 6 Lime requirement for target pH of 6.5

34. pH 8 7 6 5 4 0123456 cmol/kg OH - 0123456 cmol/kg H + SMP SMP with initial pH of 6 Lime requirement for target pH of 6.5 ? ? water pH salt pH

35. Advantages 1) Mechanistic approach for soils of varying buffer capacity 1 M KCl soil pH and Sikora buffer pH for Lime Recommendations 2) Solve problem with lower than expected soil pH during dry falls

36. 1 M KCl soil pH = 4.3 Soil-buffer pH = 6.2 Lime response curve (2 cmol/kg alkalinity = 1 ton/acre CaCO 3 )