1. Unit 1 The Development of Microbiology

2. Do Now What was the last illness you had? How sick did you feel? Do you know if it was caused by a microorganism? Which one?

3. The Beginnings _________ _________ 1665: Introduced the world to small objects and creatures when he published his journal – _______________ It contained illustrations of Eye of a fly Stinger of a bee Shell of a protozoan Plant-like mold Cork cells

4. The Beginnings _______ _________: Spectacle maker from the Netherlands Invented the microscope

5. The Beginnings _______ ____ ____________ 1670’s Seller of silk, wool, and cotton in the Netherlands Enhanced Jansenn’s __________ for use in his business But his fascination with the microscope led him to examine hair fibers, blood cells and even his own feces

6. The Beginnings Anton van Leeuwenhoek (continued) Looked at marshy lake water which teemed with microorganisms – he called them ____________ He contacted the Royal Society of London and sent them letters and drawings of his studies But, he was very suspicious and didn’t let any one know how to make his lenses He also never made the connection between ______________ and __________

7. The Transition Period Biology of the 1700’s consisted of observations of plant and animal life and attempts to classify them (Linnaeus) Scientists did not think of _____________ in terms of tiny living organisms Believed that an infectious disease spread by a ________ - an altered chemical quality of the atmosphere which arose from diseased bodies - miasmas This miasma theory was believed well into the 1800’s and gradually dissipated with the realization that microorganisms caused ___________ ___________

8. Do Now 1. Who invented the microscope? 2. Who improved or enhanced the microscope? 3. What is the name of the chemical quality of the atmosphere that 1700’s scientists believed caused infectious disease?

9. Spontaneous Generation In the 1700’s many scientists believed that life comes from ____________ __________ Living conditions - Why does meat get maggots? They come from the meat! ___________ ________ did not agree with this

10. Spontaneous Generation REDI’S EXPERIMENT 1668

11. John Needham 1748 ____________ agreed with spontaneous generation He boiled bottles of broth (gravy) and said _________ would kill any organisms already in it He then _______ the bottles of broth – no air could enter After several days, the bottles were _____________ with microorganisms He concluded that they arose from the broth and ______________ ________________ does occur

12. LAZZARO SPALLAZANI b. 1729 He knew about Redi and Needham’s experiments and he thought Needham was wrong So, Spallanzani did not believe in ____________ ________________ What mistake do you think he thought Needham had made in his experiment?

13. LAZZARO SPALLAZANI b. 1729 He thought Needham hadn’t _________ the broth enough He decided to run his own version of the experiment He thoroughly boiled the broth and stored some in an _______ container and some in a _______ container After several days he saw…… ____ _________________ in the sealed bottle, and tons in the unsealed bottle

14. Spallanzani’s Experiment

15. LAZZARO SPALLAZANI b. 1729 ________________ do not come from broth – non-life They come from ______ ______! If this were not so then both jars would have organisms But many still believed in Spontaneous Generation – they said that it required ________ and Spallanzani had blocked it out

16. Disease Transmission People still believed the Miasma Theory of infection because then people were not at fault for spreading disease In 1847 _________ _____________, a Hungarian doctor, reported that the agent of blood poisoning was transmitted to maternity patients by doctors that had just performed ___________ He said that hand washing in ________ ________ would stop the spread of disease No one listened!!!!!

17. Disease Transmission _______ _______, a British doctor traced the source of an 1854 _______ __________ to London’s municipal water supply He said that if people avoided the _______, they would avoid the __________ People listened and the spread of the disease was stopped These 2 doctors showed that disease was caused by an unseen object in the environment – not a miasma.

18. Do Now 1. Briefly describe Francesco Redi’s experiment. What was he trying to disprove? 2. Did John Needham agree with Redi? 3. Briefly describe Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment. What was his conclusion?

19. The Golden Age The science of ____________ blossomed for about 60 years, beginning in 1857 It began with a scientist named ________ _________ and ended about the time of WWI Numerous branches of microbiology were established and the foundations for modern microbiology were laid down

20. Louis Pasteur’s World In the 1800’s, the world was ravaged by plague, ___________, typhoid fever, and _______________ It was necessary to have a _______ ________ to ensure the next generation Even royalty could not avoid disease No one was sure what caused disease – no cures

21. Louis Pasteur - Fermentation Believed that scientific discoveries should have _____________ applications He wanted to find out why local ________ were turning _________ At the time people thought that wine fermentation resulted from the __________ ______________ of grape juice into wine. They didn’t know any living creatures were involved

22. Louis Pasteur – Fermentation But Pasteur’s microscope revealed large numbers of tiny _______ cells He correctly believed that the yeasts played a major role in _____________ In an experiment he removed all yeast from grape juice and it did ______ __________ Then he added the yeast back and it did ___________ into wine He suggested that grape juice be heated to destroy all life before fermentation was begun - _______________

23. Louis Pasteur - Bacteria Pasteur also noticed that the sour wines contained tiny sticks and rods known as _____________ He did an experiment where he removed all ___________ from grape juice The when he mixed it with yeast it could ferment and _______ turn sour

24. Louis Pasteur – Germ Theory Pasteur’s discoveries shook the scientific community He demonstrated that ________ cells and ___________ were tiny living factories where important chemical changes were occurring He also showed _____________ could be agents of change – they could cause a disease rather than being an effect of the disease ________ ________ ____ _______– microorganisms are responsible for infectious diseases

25. LOUIS PASTEUR People still believed in spontaneous generation! Pasteur decided to end the debate once and for all with an ____________ ____________

26. LOUIS PASTEUR

27. Pasteur’s Conclusion He said that life comes from __________! This is called _______________ Pasteur’s work brought to an end the debate of spontaneous generation Now scientists had to concentrate on ______________ certain microorganisms to specific diseases

28. Do Now 1. What did Pasteur conclude was causing the fermentation of grapes into wine? 2. What did he show was causing the wine to turn sour? 3. What is the germ theory of disease? 4. What did Pasteur’s swan neck experiments disprove?

29. Robert Koch Koch was a country doctor from East Prussia (now Germany) who was concerned with ___________ which infected cattle and sheep In a lab in his home, he injected mice with the _________ of diseased cattle, then performed autopsies on the dead mice Next he isolated a few __________ from a mouse’s blood and placed it in the sterile aqueous humor from an ox’s ________

30. Robert Koch He watched as the bacteria multiplied and then turned into resistant __________ Next he took several of the spores and injected them into __________ mice The symptoms of __________ appeared within hours Koch autopsied the mice and found their blood swarming with ____________

31. Robert Koch

32. Robert Koch’s Postulates

33. Solid Culture Media Koch developed a solid culture ________ on which bacteria would grow by solidifying beef broth and gelatin When inoculated onto the surface, bacteria grew vigorously and produced discrete visible, _____________ Now _________ is used instead of gelatin because it can resist digestion by certain bacteria and it remains solid when incubated at high temperatures

34. End of the Golden Age The Golden Age witnessed a series of discoveries unparalleled in the identification of the agents of ____________ Scientists developed an awareness that infectious disease was caused by _______________ and that the chains of transmission could be broken These discoveries led to calls for ____________ practices in hospitals, ________________ of milk, _______________ of water, ___________ of insects and __________ in the preparation of foods This led to a substantial __________ in the incidence of bacterial diseases – but _________ were still to come!

35. Compound Light Microscope

36. Light Path

38. Oil Immersion

40. Wheat Rust A disease of wheat caused by a ___________ of the genus Puccinia Infections can lead up to ______% yield loss - exacerbated by dying leaves which fertilize the fungus Small brown __________ develop on the leaf blades in a random scatter distribution. They may group into patches in serious cases. Infectious ___________ are transmitted via the soil.