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(1) أي من هذه المركبات يعتبر مركب تساهمي:
(1) أي من هذه المركبات يعتبر مركب تساهمي: 1. Which of these compounds is most likely to be covalent? A. KF B. CaCl2 C. SF4 D. Al2O3 (2) الجزيء المحتوي على رابطة تساهمية قطبية مما يلي هو: 2. A polar covalent bond would form in which one of these pairs of atoms? A B C D. (3) صيغة النقاط الإلكترونية لجزيء الأكسجين O2 تحتوي على: 3. The electron dot formula for O2 shows A. a single covalent bond. B. a double covalent bond. C. an ionic bond. D. a total of 8 2 = 16 electron dots. (4) نوع الرابطة بين H – O في جزيء الميثانول CH3OH تعتبر: 4. Classify the bond in CH3OH as ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent. A. ionic B. polar covalent C. nonpolar covalent (5) نوع الرابطة بين C – Cl في جزيء CCl4 تعتبر: 5. Classify the bond in CCl4 as ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent.
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Electron Affinity - measurable, Cl is highest
7.4 السالبية الكهربائية للعناصرElectronegativity Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond. Electron Affinity - measurable, Cl is highest X (g) + e X-(g) Electronegativity - relative, F is highest
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The Electronegativities of Common Elements
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Variation of Electronegativity with Atomic Number
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Covalent Ionic Polar Covalent
Classification of bonds by difference in electronegativity Difference Bond Type Covalent 2 Ionic 0 < and <2 Polar Covalent Increasing difference in electronegativity Covalent share e- Polar Covalent partial transfer of e- Ionic transfer e-
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Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and the NN bond in H2NNH2. Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Polar Covalent N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Covalent
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(1) أي من العناصر التالية لها أقل سالبية كهربائية:
1. Which of these elements is the least electronegative? A. Sr B. V C. Ni D. P (2) أي من العناصر التالية لها أعلى سالبية كهربائية: 2. Which of these elements has the greatest electronegativity? Mg B. Ga C. Si D. Ba (3) أي من المركبات الصلبة لها أعلى نقطة إنصهار: 3. Which of these solids would have the highest melting point? NaF B. NaCl C. NaBr D. NaI (4) أي من المركبات الصلبة لها أعلى نقطة إنصهار: 4. Which of these solids would have the lowest melting point? A. KI B. KBr C. KCl D. KF (5) أي من العناصر التالية لها أعلى سالبية كهربائية: 5. Which of these elements has the greatest electronegativity? A. Na B. As C. Ga D. Cs
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