2. 1.Pope in Rome head of the church -Cardinals reported to Pope -Archbishops governed bishops spread all over Europe -Priests lived in villages and towns

3. Franciscans Dominicans 2. “wandering” ministries: two orders of monks (Franciscans, known for vows of poverty, & Dominicans, more scholarly) 3.monasteries: housed monks who devoted their lives to study, worship, & hard work convents: for nuns 4.Monasteries became centers of scholarship, education, & libraries

5. 1.Church reform: some viewed Church as becoming corrupt (landholding, simony, & religious appointments) 2.Pope Gregory VII tried to take power from monarchs to appoint bishops (LAY INVESTITURE) 3.Church made its own courts: Ecclesiastical Courts 4.Concordat of Worms (1122): stated that bishops controlled by both Church (“ring & staff”) & by Emperor (“lance”)

7. Battle of Hastings 1. Battle of Hastings (1066): William “the Conqueror” invades the Saxons from Normandy 2. Henry II: -tried to strengthen power of king -created trial by juries -had archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Becket) killed…

8. What factors contributed to conflict between the Papacy & the monarchs of Western Europe?

9. 1.Missionaries brought Christianity to early Russia (Cyril & Methodius) Cyrillic alphabet - Cyrillic alphabet translated Bible into native Slavic languages 2. Trade brought Byzantine ideas

10. CYRIL & METHODIUS

11. THE CYRLLIC ALPHABET

12. 1.Descendants of Vikings invade Baltic region and city of Kiev 2.Kiev major trade route

13. Vladimir 3. Vladimir converted the Rus’ to Christianity (fewest restrictions on food & drinking…) 4.Married Byzantine Emperor’s daughter 5.Copied Byzantium (religion, art, gov’t) VLADIMIR

18. boyars boyars: landholding aristocrats

19. 1.Yaroslav “the Wise” codified Russian law

20. 1.CONFLICT WITH LOCAL PRINCES 2.Byzantium falls 3.Invasion from the Mongols (TATARS)

21. The Mongols Invade Russia

24. 1. Controlled Russia for 200 years 2. Conquered Rus’ in winter! 3. GHENGIS KHAN

26. 1. moldboard (plow) 2. horse collar 3. three-field system

29. 1. Population growth 2. Italian port cities 3. Flanders in N. Europe

30. Medieval Trade

31. A.Political causes: 1. European expansionism (conversion of Vikings & Magyars (Huns) to Christianity) 2. European Christians take control from Ummayads of Spain & Sicily 3. Byzantines lose to Seljuk Turks at Battle of Manzikert (1071)

32. Causes: 1.to return the “Holy Lands” to Christian control 2.to unite European Christians 3.to control kings & nobles 4.heal the Great Schism

33. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade at Clermont 1095

34. “If any one through devotion alone, and not for the sake of honor or gain, goes to Jerusalem to free the church of God, the journey itself shall take the place of all penance.”

36. 1. religious holy war for salvation against the “infidels”  have their taxes canceled  avoid jail by fighting  plunder for personal gain 1. glory &d potential for land 2. merchants saw a chance for trade expansion

37. Christian Crusades

38. 1. stimulated trade (new towns & new products) 2. feudalism weakened (serfs gained freedom …but power of kings increased) 3. improved status of women 4. improved prestige of church 5. encouraged learning