1. Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management Eighth Edition Chapter 15 Database Administration and Security

2. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 2 Objectives In this chapter, you will learn: –Data are a valuable business asset requiring careful management –How a database plays a critical role in an organization –Introduction of a DBMS has technological, managerial, and cultural organizational consequences –Database administrator’s managerial and technical roles –Data security, database security, and the information security framework –Several database administration tools and strategies –Various database administration technical tasks

3. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 3 Data as a Corporate Asset Data are a valuable asset that require careful management Data are a valuable resource that translate into information Accurate, timely information triggers actions that enhance company’s position and generate wealth

4. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 4 The Need for and Role of Databases in an Organization Database’s predominant role is to support managerial decision making at all levels DBMS facilitates: – Interpretation and presentation of data in useful formats by transforming raw data into information. – Distribution of data and information to the right people at the right time. – Data preservation and monitoring the data usage for adequate periods of time. – Control over data duplication and use, both internally and externally. DBMS must provide tools that give each level of management different view of data and support required level of decision making. (operational, tactical and strategic – Ex: pricing)

5. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 5 Introduction of a Database: Special Considerations Introduction of a DBMS is likely to have a profound impact –Might be positive or negative, depending on how it is administered. Having DB does not guarantee right decision Three aspects to DBMS introduction: –Technological-DBMS software and hardware includes selecting, installing, configuring, and monitoring the DBMS –Managerial-Administrative functions planning for proper people to be DBAs, monitoring, controlling. –Cultural-Corporate resistance to change One role of DBA department is to educate end users about system uses and benefits

6. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 6 The DBA’s Managerial Role focused on personnel management and on interactions with the end-user community DBA responsible for: –Coordinating, monitoring, allocating resources Resources include people and data –Defining goals and formulating strategic plans Interacts with end user by providing data and information Enforces policies, standards, procedures Manages security, privacy, integrity Ensures data can be fully recovered Ensures data distributed appropriately

7. Policies, standards, and procedures Policies –All users must have passwords. –Passwords must be changed every six months. Standards –A password must have a minimum of five characters. –A password must have a maximum of 12 characters. –Social Security numbers, names, and birth dates cannot be used as passwords. Procedures –To create a password, (1) the end user sends to the DBA a written request for the creation of an account; (2) the DBA approves the request and forwards it to the computer operator; (3) the computer operator creates the account, assigns a temporary password, and sends the account information to the end user; (4) a copy of the account information is sent to the DBA; and (5) the user changes the temporary password to a permanent one.

8. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 8 The DBA’s Technical Role Evaluates, selects, and installs DBMS and related utilities Designs and implements databases and applications Tests and evaluates databases and applications –Evaluation of the written documentation to ensure that the documentation and procedures are accurate and easy to follow. – Observance of standards for naming, documenting, and coding. – Data duplication conflicts with existing data. – The enforcement of all data validation rules. Operates DBMS, utilities, and applications –System support. –Performance monitoring and tuning –Backup and recovery. –Security auditing and monitoring. Trains and supports users Maintains DBMS, utilities, and applications

9. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 9 Security Security refers to activities and measures to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of an information system and its main asset - data Securing data entails securing overall information system architecture (SW, HW, Network, people) Security goals include: –Confidentiality: data protected against unauthorized access – prevent disclosure of information –Integrity: keep data consistent and free of errors or anomalies –Availability: accessibility of data whenever required by authorized users for authorized purposes

10. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 10 Security Policies Database security officer secures the system and the data –Works with the database administrator Security policy: collection of standards, policies, procedures to guarantee security –Ensures auditing and compliance –Security audit process identifies security vulnerabilities (ex: blank passwords) and measures to protect the system (ex: enforce complex password policy) –Compliance refers to activities undertaken to meet data privacy and security reporting guidelines.

11. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 11 Security Vulnerabilities Security vulnerability: weakness in a system component –Could allow unauthorized access or cause service disruptions –The nature of such vulnerabilities could be of multiple types: Technical: a flaw in the operating system or Web browser), Managerial: not educating users about critical security issues), Cultural: hiding passwords under the keyboard or not shredding confidential reports Procedural: not requiring complex passwords or not checking user IDs Security threat: imminent security violation –Could occur at any time due to unchecked security vulnerability. Security breach yields a database whose integrity is: Preserved: unauthorized and unnoticed access, does not disrupt the database, Action is required to avoid the repetition of similar security problems Corrupted: access by computer viruses and by hackers whose actions are intended to destroy or alter data

12. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 12 Database Security Refers to the use of DBMS features and other measures to comply with security requirements DBA secures DBMS from installation through operation and maintenance. examples: change default system passwords, set up auditing logs, implement network security Authorization management: –User access management: Users and their rights –View definition: DBA can restrict views –DBMS access control :restrict query and reports –DBMS usage monitoring: audit trial logs

13. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 13 Database Administration Tools Data dictionary: a DBMS component that stores the definition of data characteristics and relationships.” You may recall that such “data about data” are called metadata. They might be: –Integrated: included in new DBMS (built in) –Standalone: DBA uses third party data dictionary (in old DBMS) Active data dictionary: automatically updated by the DBMS with every database access Passive data dictionary: requires running a batch process Data dictionary access information is normally used by the DBMS for query optimization purposes. The main function of data dictionary is to store description of all objects that interact with database, and for query optimization. DBA uses data dictionary to support data analysis and design

14. Database Administration Tools SYSTABLES stores one row for each table or view. SYSCOLUMNS stores one row for each column of each table or view. SYSTABAUTH stores one row for each authorization given to a user for a table or view in a database. Example 1 List the names and creation dates of all tables created by the user ALI in the current database. SELECT NAME, CTIME FROM SYSTABLES WHERE CREATOR = ‘ALI'; Example 2 List the names of the columns for all tables created by ALI in the current database. SELECT NAME FROM SYSCOLUMNS WHERE TBCREATOR = “ALI'; Example 3 List the names of all tables for which user ALI has DELETE authorization. SELECT TTNAME FROM SYSTABAUTH WHERE GRANTEE = ALI' AND DELETEAUTH = 'Y';

15. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 15 CASE Tools Computer-aided systems engineering –Automated framework for SDLC –Structured methodologies and powerful graphical interfaces Front-end CASE tools provide support for planning, analysis, and design phases Back-end CASE tools provide support for coding and implementation phases

16. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 16 The DBA at Work: Using Specific DBMS for Database Administration Technical tasks handled by the DBA in a specific DBMS: –Creating and expanding database storage structures –Managing database objects like tables and indexes –Managing end-user database environment like type of DB access. –Customizing database initialization parameters All DBMS vendors provide programs to perform database administrative tasks

17. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 17 Managing the Database Objects Database object: any object created by end users Schema: logical section of the database that belongs to a given user –Schema identified by a username –Within the schema, users create their own tables and other objects Normally, users authorized to access only the objects that belong to their own schemas Database instance: separate location in memory reserved to run the database - May have several databases running in memory at the same time

18. Database Systems, 8 th Edition 18 Managing Users and Establishing Security User: uniquely identifiable object –Allows a given person to log on to the database Role: a named collection of database access privileges –Authorizes a user to connect to the database and use system resources Profile: named collection of settings –Controls how much of a resource a given user can use, Like how long a user can be connected, how much idle time may be used before the user is disconnected. How much storage space a user can use