2. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 1 501503742 Nuclear and Radiation Physics Why nuclear physics? Why radiation physics? Why in Jordan? Interdisciplinary. Applied?

3. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 2 Subjects to be covered This course (phenomenological) will be followed by other nuclear physics courses: Theoretical nuclear physics. Experimental techniques in nuclear physics. ….. Nuclear properties. Nuclear forces. Nuclear matter. Nuclear models and shell structure of the nucleus. Radioactive decays. Interactions of nuclear radiations (charged particles, gammas, and neutrons) with matter. Nuclear reactions: energetics and general cross-section behavior. Binding energy and nuclear stability, fission and fusion.

4. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 3 Level Test 1.Write down whatever you know about the semi- empirical mass formula. 2.Describe how can either fission or fusion produce energy. 3.What is … 1.Bremsstrahlung? 2.Energy straggling? 3.Pair production? 4.Time-of-flight technique? 5.Isotopes, Isotones, Isobars, Isomers?

5. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 4 Grading First Exam10% Second Exam10% Project and HWs30% Final Exam50%

6. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 5 Proposed Projects Experiments to determine nuclear properties. Nuclear power generation. Nuclear medicine. Health physics. Accelerator driven systems. Nucleosynthesis. Technological applications (e.g. Material Science). Radioactive ion beams. Neutrino physics. Radiological dating. Environmental radioactivity. Feynman diagrams. ….. (your own selected subject).  Decide on the title of your project within one week.  Written + presentation.

7. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 6 Scale and Objectives Nuclear scale: Order of magnitude of 1 x 10 -15 m = 1 femtometer = 1 fm = 1 fermi. Too small for direct investigation. We need to answer ….. 1.What are the building blocks of a nucleus? 2.How do they move relative to each other? 3.What laws governing them? We need to understand: Nuclear forces (Q2, Q3). Nuclear structure (Q2, Q3). We also need High Energy Physics (to answer Q1).

8. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 7 http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html Constants

9. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 8 Nomenclature Element vs. Nuclide. 94 natural chemical elements, total > 100. Element  Atomic number (Z)  chemically identical. 3000 nuclides. Same Z but different neutron number (N)  Isotopes. Total number of nucleons = Z+N = A  mass number. Radioactive Stable Radioactive Same mass number  Isobars  chemically dissimilar, parallel nuclear features (Radius …).  decay. Same neutron number  Isotones  ?????. Same Z and same A  Isomers  metastable. Stable isotope  (Isotopic) Abundance. Radioactive isotope  Half-life. Chart of Nuclides

10. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 9 Stable Isotopes HWc 1 Odd AEven A IsotopeNZNZ Then plot Z vs. N. Odd AEven A

11. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 10 The energy of the nucleon in the nucleus is in the order of 10 MeV. HW 1 HW 1 Calculate the velocity of a 10 MeV proton and show that it is almost 15% of the speed of light. (Perform both classical and relativistic calculations).  Relativistic effects are not important in considering the motion of nucleons in the nucleus. HW 2 HW 2 Calculate the wavelength of a 10 MeV proton and compare it with the nuclear scale. (Perform both classical and relativistic calculations). Is the nucleus thus a classical or a quantum system?  HW 0  HW 0 Krane, Ch. 2. HW 3 HW 3 Calculate the wavelength for an electron of the same energy to show that it is much too large to be within the nucleus. (Perform both classical and relativistic calculations). Basic Nuclear Properties

12. Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, 2006-2007 (Saed Dababneh). 11 Basic Nuclear Properties Static nuclear properties (Time-independent): Electric charge, radius, mass, binding energy, angular momentum, parity, magnetic dipole moment, electric quadrupole moment, energies of excited states. Dynamic properties (Time-dependent): Self-induced (Radioactive decay). Forced (Nuclear reactions). The key: Interaction between individual nucleons. Excited states: atomic intervals ~ eV. nuclear intervals ~ 10 4 – 10 6 eV. Decays and reactions: Conservation laws and selection rules.