1. Wage Wedge & Key Challenges and Way forward Nasir Iqbal Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) Pakistan KNOMAD Workshop on Measuring Migration Costs for the Low-skilled The World Bank Nov. 16-17, 2015

2. Monthly earning pattern (US$) RegionEarning at HomeEarning Abroad All SampleSaudi ArabiaUAE Rawalpindi161586572604 Mardan79472497333 Charsada135360384322 Sailkot161410463307 Gujrat125399428359 Gujranwala162421576342 Pakistan135443480387

3. Q Analysis: Earnings at home and destination (US$ per month)

4. Fundamental Causes of High Migration Cost Wage wedge

5. Migrant Costs: Key Challenges Identification of Respondent ▫Law and order situation ▫Choice criteria (only low skill) ▫Time period (after 2011) Cost estimates? ▫Majority knows LUMP SUM not breakdown ▫Role of Friends/Relatives ▫Semi-illegal market for visas  operate through Friends/Relative and individual agents ▫Lesser job opportunities in home countries may increases the demand for foreign employment hence cost of migration

6. The Way Forward The central conclusion of this analysis is that ▫large benefits associated with the overseas migration of low-skilled workers are eaten up as visa fee by an unscrupulous group of people who trade in the selling of visas. ▫But?  How are these illegal profits collected and how this large semi-illegal market for visas works needs much more study?

7. The Way Forward Pakistan has developed institutions overtime to regulate overseas temporary migration for employment. The exploitation of low-skilled workers through visa trading in the presence of the official regulating machinery is extremely disappointing but also shows that the faith in government in solving problems may not be well placed. Indeed the more controls are put in place the higher can be the costs which are extracted by those officials who are tasked with implementing these countries. This points to the enormous challenges that any reforms to reduce these costs will face.

8. Suggestions to Improve CAPI Cost module needs extensive revision ▫Format of the module (table format is better) ▫Currency (option should be one or two) ▫Built-in Sum up (for spot verification) ▫Component should be reduced Basic Profile module ▫Education related question is misleading (it should be continuous rather than categorical) (Q 1.13) ▫How many people have you supported (need more clarification) ▫Sources of job information question need revision like what is difference between Individual recruiter/ broker; Manpower agency and Government employment service center

9. Suggestions to Improve CAPI Occupation and Remittances ▫Occupation related questions like 2 digit code; 3 digit code; & 4 digit are difficult to understand ▫Remittances Module should be extended to incorporate various questions like flow pattern, formal vs informal, amount, use etc Addition of country specific factors may be allowed Technical Issues ▫In some cases, zero required skip other question but actually its response is n/a ▫Hanging issues ▫Some time slow working; ▫Few more checks required to ensure accurate entries like restriction on earning; age; time etc……