1. CD-ROM Chap 16-1 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. A Course In Business Statistics 4 th Edition CD-ROM Chapter 16 Introduction to Nonparametric Statistics

2. CD-ROM Chap 16-2 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chapter Goals After completing this chapter, you should be able to:  Recognize when and how to use the Wilcoxon signed rank test for a population median  Recognize the situations for which the Wilcoxon signed rank test applies and be able to use it for decision-making  Know when and how to perform a Mann-Whitney U-test  Perform nonparametric analysis of variance using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA

3. CD-ROM Chap 16-3 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Nonparametric Statistics Fewer restrictive assumptions about data levels and underlying probability distributions Population distributions may be skewed The level of data measurement may only be ordinal or nominal

4. CD-ROM Chap 16-4 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Used to test a hypothesis about one population median the median is the midpoint of the distribution: 50% below, 50% above A hypothesized median is rejected if sample results vary too much from expectations no highly restrictive assumptions about the shape of the population distribution are needed

5. CD-ROM Chap 16-5 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. The W Test Statistic Performing the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Calculate the test statistic W using these steps: Step 1: collect sample data Step 2: compute d i = difference between each value and the hypothesized median Step 3: convert d i values to absolute differences

6. CD-ROM Chap 16-6 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. The W Test Statistic Performing the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Step 4: determine the ranks for each d i value eliminate zero d i values Lowest d i value = 1 For ties, assign each the average rank of the tied observations (continued)

7. CD-ROM Chap 16-7 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. The W Test Statistic Performing the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Step 5: Create R+ and R- columns for data values greater than the hypothesized median, put the rank in an R+ column for data values less than the hypothesized median, put the rank in an R- column (continued)

8. CD-ROM Chap 16-8 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. The W Test Statistic Performing the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Step 6: the test statistic W is the sum of the ranks in the R+ column Test the hypothesis by comparing the calculated W to the critical value from the table in appendix P Note that n = the number of non-zero d i values (continued)

9. CD-ROM Chap 16-9 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Example The median class size is claimed to be 40 Sample data for 8 classes is randomly obtained Compare each value to the hypothesized median to find difference Class size = x i Difference d i = x i – 40 | d i | 23 45 34 78 34 66 61 95 -17 5 -6 38 -6 26 21 55 17 5 6 38 6 26 21 55

10. CD-ROM Chap 16-10 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Example Rank the absolute differences: | d i |Rank 5 6 17 21 26 38 55 1 2.5 4 5 6 7 8 tied (continued)

11. CD-ROM Chap 16-11 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Example Put ranks in R+ and R- columns and find sums: Class size = x i Difference d i = x i – 40 | d i |RankR+R- 23 45 34 78 34 66 61 95 -17 5 -6 38 -6 26 21 55 17 5 6 38 6 26 21 55 4 1 2.5 7 2.5 6 5 8 1765817658 4 2.5  = 27  = 9 (continued) These three are below the claimed median, the others are above

12. CD-ROM Chap 16-12 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Completing the Test H 0 : Median = 40 H A : Median ≠ 40 Test at the  =.05 level: This is a two-tailed test and n = 8, so find W L and W U in appendix P: W L = 3 and W U = 33 The calculated test statistic is W =  R+ = 27

13. CD-ROM Chap 16-13 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Completing the Test H 0 : Median = 40 H A : Median ≠ 40 W L = 3 and W U = 33 W L < W < W U so do not reject H 0 (there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the median class size is different than 40) (continued) W L = 3 do not reject H 0 reject H 0 W =  R+ = 27 W U = 33 reject H 0

14. CD-ROM Chap 16-14 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. If the Sample Size is Large The W test statistic approaches a normal distribution as n increases For n > 20, W can be approximated by where W = sum of the R+ ranks d = number of non-zero d i values

15. CD-ROM Chap 16-15 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Nonparametric Tests for Two Population Centers Nonparametric Tests for Two Population Centers Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test Mann-Whitney U-test Large Samples Small Samples Large Samples Small Samples

16. CD-ROM Chap 16-16 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Mann-Whitney U-Test Used to compare two samples from two populations Assumptions: The two samples are independent and random The value measured is a continuous variable The measurement scale used is at least ordinal If they differ, the distributions of the two populations will differ only with respect to the central location

17. CD-ROM Chap 16-17 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Consider two samples combine into a singe list, but keep track of which sample each value came from rank the values in the combined list from low to high For ties, assign each the average rank of the tied values separate back into two samples, each value keeping its assigned ranking sum the rankings for each sample Mann-Whitney U-Test (continued)

18. CD-ROM Chap 16-18 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. If the sum of rankings from one sample differs enough from the sum of rankings from the other sample, we conclude there is a difference in the population medians Mann-Whitney U-Test (continued)

19. CD-ROM Chap 16-19 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. (continued) Mann-Whitney U-Test Mann-Whitney U-Statistics where: n 1 and n 2 are the two sample sizes  R 1 and  R 2 = sum of ranks for samples 1 and 2

20. CD-ROM Chap 16-20 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. (continued) Mann-Whitney U-Test Claim: Median class size for Math is larger than the median class size for English A random sample of 9 Math and 9 English classes is selected (samples do not have to be of equal size) Rank the combined values and then split them back into the separate samples

21. CD-ROM Chap 16-21 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Suppose the results are: Class size (Math, M)Class size (English, E) 23 45 34 78 34 66 62 95 81 30 47 18 34 44 61 54 28 40 (continued) Mann-Whitney U-Test

22. CD-ROM Chap 16-22 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. SizeRank 181 232 283 304 346 6 6 408 449 SizeRank 4510 4711 5412 6113 6214 6615 7816 8117 9518 Ranking for combined samples tied (continued) Mann-Whitney U-Test

23. CD-ROM Chap 16-23 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Split back into the original samples: Class size (Math, M) Rank Class size (English, E) Rank 23 45 34 78 34 66 62 95 81 2 10 6 16 6 15 14 18 17 30 47 18 34 44 61 54 28 40 4 11 1 6 9 13 12 3 8  = 104  = 67 (continued) Mann-Whitney U-Test

24. CD-ROM Chap 16-24 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. H 0 : Median M ≤ Median E H A : Median M > Median E Claim: Median class size for Math is larger than the median class size for English Note: U 1 + U 2 = n 1 n 2 (continued) Mann-Whitney U-Test Math: English:

25. CD-ROM Chap 16-25 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. The Mann-Whitney U tables in Appendices L and M give the lower tail of the U-distribution For one-tailed tests like this one, check the alternative hypothesis to see if U 1 or U 2 should be used as the test statistic Since the alternative hypothesis indicates that population 1 (Math) has a higher median, use U 1 as the test statistic (continued) Mann-Whitney U-Test

26. CD-ROM Chap 16-26 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Use U 1 as the test statistic: U = 22 Compare U = 22 to the critical value U  from the appropriate table For sample sizes less than 9, use Appendix L For samples sizes from 9 to 20, use Appendix M If U < U , reject H 0 (continued) Mann-Whitney U-Test

27. CD-ROM Chap 16-27 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Since U  U , do not reject H 0 Use U 1 as the test statistic: U = 19 U  from Appendix M for  =.05, n 1 = 9 and n 2 = 9 is U  = 7 (continued) Mann-Whitney U-Test U  = 7 U = 19 do not reject H 0 reject H 0

28. CD-ROM Chap 16-28 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Mann-Whitney U-Test for Large Samples The table in Appendix M includes U  values only for sample sizes between 9 and 20 The U statistic approaches a normal distribution as sample sizes increase If samples are larger than 20, a normal approximation can be used

29. CD-ROM Chap 16-29 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Mann-Whitney U-Test for Large Samples The mean and standard deviation for Mann-Whitney U Test Statistic: (continued) Where n 1 and n 2 are sample sizes from populations 1 and 2

30. CD-ROM Chap 16-30 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Mann-Whitney U-Test for Large Samples Normal approximation for Mann-Whitney U Test Statistic: (continued)

31. CD-ROM Chap 16-31 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Large Sample Example We wish to test Suppose two samples are obtained: n 1 = 40, n 2 = 50 When rankings are completed, the sum of ranks for sample 1 is  R 1 = 1475 When rankings are completed, the sum of ranks for sample 2 is  R 2 = 2620 H 0 : Median 1  Median 2 H A : Median 1 < Median 2

32. CD-ROM Chap 16-32 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. U statistic is found to be U = 655 Since the alternative hypothesis indicates that population 2 has a higher median, use U 2 as the test statistic Compute the U statistics: Large Sample Example (continued)

33. CD-ROM Chap 16-33 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Since z = -2.80 < -1.645, we reject H 0 Reject H 0  =.05 Do not reject H 0 0 Large Sample Example (continued)

34. CD-ROM Chap 16-34 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test The Mann-Whitney U-Test is used when samples from two populations are independent If samples are paired, they are not independent Use Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test with paired samples

35. CD-ROM Chap 16-35 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. The Wilcoxon T Test Statistic Performing the Small-Sample Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test (for n < 25) Calculate the test statistic T using these steps: Step 1: collect sample data Step 2: compute d i = difference between the sample 1 value and its paired sample 2 value Step 3: rank the differences, and give each rank the same sign as the sign of the difference value

36. CD-ROM Chap 16-36 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. The Wilcoxon T Test Statistic Performing the Small-Sample Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test (for n < 25) Step 4: The test statistic is the sum of the absolute values of the ranks for the group with the smaller expected sum Look at the alternative hypothesis to determine the group with the smaller expected sum For two tailed tests, just choose the smaller sum (continued)

37. CD-ROM Chap 16-37 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Small Sample Example Paired samples, n = 9: Value (before)Value (after) 38 45 34 58 30 46 42 55 41 30 47 18 34 31 24 38 40 Claim: Median value is smaller after than before

38. CD-ROM Chap 16-38 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Small Sample Example Paired samples, n = 9: Value (before) Value (after) Difference d Rank of d Ranks with smaller expected sum 36 45 34 58 30 46 42 55 41 30 47 18 54 38 31 24 62 40 6 -2 16 4 -8 15 18 -7 1 4 -2 8 3 -6 7 9 -5 1 265265  = T = 13 (continued)

39. CD-ROM Chap 16-39 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. The calculated T value is T = 13 Complete the test by comparing the calculated T value to the critical T-value from Appendix N For n = 9 and  =.025 for a one-tailed test, T  = 6 Since T  T , do not reject H 0 T  = 6 T = 13 do not reject H 0 reject H 0 Small Sample Example (continued)

40. CD-ROM Chap 16-40 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test for Large Samples The table in Appendix N includes T  values only for sample sizes from 6 to 25 The T statistic approaches a normal distribution as sample size increases If the number of paired values is larger than 25, a normal approximation can be used

41. CD-ROM Chap 16-41 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. The mean and standard deviation for Wilcoxon T : (continued) where n is the number of paired values Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test for Large Samples

42. CD-ROM Chap 16-42 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Mann-Whitney U-Test for Large Samples Normal approximation for the Wilcoxon T Test Statistic: (continued)

43. CD-ROM Chap 16-43 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Tests the equality of more than 2 population medians Assumptions: variables have a continuous distribution. the data are at least ordinal. samples are independent. samples come from populations whose only possible difference is that at least one may have a different central location than the others. Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA

44. CD-ROM Chap 16-44 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Kruskal-Wallis Test Procedure Obtain relative rankings for each value In event of tie, each of the tied values gets the average rank Sum the rankings for data from each of the k groups Compute the H test statistic

45. CD-ROM Chap 16-45 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Kruskal-Wallis Test Procedure The Kruskal-Wallis H test statistic: (with k – 1 degrees of freedom) where: N = Sum of sample sizes in all samples k = Number of samples R i = Sum of ranks in the i th sample n i = Size of the i th sample (continued)

46. CD-ROM Chap 16-46 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Complete the test by comparing the calculated H value to a critical  2 value from the chi-square distribution with k – 1 degrees of freedom (The chi-square distribution is Appendix G) Decision rule Reject H 0 if test statistic H >  2  Otherwise do not reject H 0 (continued) Kruskal-Wallis Test Procedure

47. CD-ROM Chap 16-47 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Do different departments have different class sizes? Kruskal-Wallis Example Class size (Math, M) Class size (English, E) Class size (History, H) 23 45 54 78 66 55 60 72 45 70 30 40 18 34 44

48. CD-ROM Chap 16-48 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Do different departments have different class sizes? Kruskal-Wallis Example Class size (Math, M) Ranking Class size (English, E) Ranking Class size (History, H) Ranking 23 41 54 78 66 2 6 9 15 12 55 60 72 45 70 10 11 14 8 13 30 40 18 34 44 3514735147  = 44  = 56  = 20

49. CD-ROM Chap 16-49 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. The H statistic is (continued) Kruskal-Wallis Example

50. CD-ROM Chap 16-50 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Since H = 6.72 < do not reject H 0 (continued) Kruskal-Wallis Example Compare H = 6.72 to the critical value from the chi-square distribution for 5 – 1 = 4 degrees of freedom and  =.05: There is not sufficient evidence to reject that the population medians are all equal

51. CD-ROM Chap 16-51 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Kruskal-Wallis Correction If tied rankings occur, give each observation the mean rank for which it is tied The H statistic is influenced by ties, and should be corrected Correction for tied rankings: where: g = Number of different groups of ties t i = Number of tied observations in the i th tied group of scores N = Total number of observations

52. CD-ROM Chap 16-52 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. H Statistic Corrected for Tied Rankings Corrected H statistic:

53. CD-ROM Chap 16-53 A Course In Business Statistics, 4th © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chapter Summary Developed and applied the Wilcoxon signed rank W-test for a population median Small Samples Large sample z approximation Developed and applied the Mann-Whitney U-test for two population medians Small Samples Large Sample z approximation Used the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs T-test for paired samples Small Samples Large sample z approximation Applied the Kruskal-Wallis H-test for multiple population medians