1. Intake and Output Measurements

2. Why measure I & O?  Measuring and recording all liquid intake and output during a 24-hour period helps to complete the assessment data base for fluid and electrolyte balance

3. Dehydration  An excessive loss of water from the body tissues.  Dehydration disturbs the balance of essential electrolytes: K+, Na+, Cl-  Causes: ________  An excessive loss of water from the body tissues.  Dehydration disturbs the balance of essential electrolytes: K+, Na+, Cl-  Causes: ________

4. Overhydration  Marked by an excess of water in the extracellular fluid.  Is a symptom of liver, renal, or cardiovascular disease  2 types:  Hypervolemia  Edema  Marked by an excess of water in the extracellular fluid.  Is a symptom of liver, renal, or cardiovascular disease  2 types:  Hypervolemia  Edema

5. Assessment for Alterations of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance  Nursing History  Physical Exam  Fluid Intake and Output Record  Laboratory studies  Electrolytes, CBC, Urine specific gravity, osmolarity  Nursing History  Physical Exam  Fluid Intake and Output Record  Laboratory studies  Electrolytes, CBC, Urine specific gravity, osmolarity

6. Nursing Diagnoses  Fluid Volume Deficits  Excess fluid volume  Impaired skin integrity  Ineffective tissue perfusion  Impaired gas exchange  Decreased cardiac output  Fluid Volume Deficits  Excess fluid volume  Impaired skin integrity  Ineffective tissue perfusion  Impaired gas exchange  Decreased cardiac output

7. Nursing Interventions  Daily Weights  Intake and Output Measurements  Enteral Replacement of Fluids  Restriction of Fluids  Parenteral Replacement of Fluids and Electrolytes  Daily Weights  Intake and Output Measurements  Enteral Replacement of Fluids  Restriction of Fluids  Parenteral Replacement of Fluids and Electrolytes