1. Proton FFAG Accelerator R&D at BNL Alessandro G. Ruggiero Brookhaven National Laboratory Alessandro G. Ruggiero Brookhaven National Laboratory

2. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati2 Present BNL - AGS Facility Performance Rep. Rate 0.4 Hz Top Energy28 GeV Intensity7 x 10 13 ppp Ave. Power125 kW 1.5-GeV Booster 200-MeV DTL 28-GeV AGS HI Tandem 0.5 sec 2.0 sec AGS Booster Typical AGS cycle for Protons 0.5 sec 2.0 sec 4 x 150 µs @ 30 mA (H – ) Typical DTL cycle for Protons

3. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati3 AGS Upgrade with 1.2-GeV SCL Performance Rep. Rate 2.5 Hz Top Energy 28 GeV Intensity 1.0 x 10 14 ppp Ave. Power 1.0 MW Only Protons, no HI Performance Rep. Rate 2.5 Hz Top Energy 28 GeV Intensity 1.0 x 10 14 ppp Ave. Power 1.0 MW Only Protons, no HI 1.5-GeV Booster 200-MeV DTL 28-GeV AGS HI Tandem 1.2 GeV SCL AGS Cycle with 1.2-GeV SCL 0.4 sec DTL cycle for Protons with 1.2-GeV SCL 1 x 720 µs @ 30 mA (H – ) BNL- C-A/AP/151 Upgrade to 400 MeV

4. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati4 AGS Upgrade with 1.5-GeV FFAG Performance Rep. Rate 2.5 Hz Top Energy 28 GeV Intensity 1.0 x 10 14 ppp Ave. Power 1.0 MW Protons, and HI (??) Performance Rep. Rate 2.5 Hz Top Energy 28 GeV Intensity 1.0 x 10 14 ppp Ave. Power 1.0 MW Protons, and HI (??) 1.5-GeV Booster 400-MeV DTL 28-GeV AGS HI Tandem 1.5-GeV FFAG AGS Cycle with 1.5-GeV FFAG 0.4 sec BNL - C-A/AP/157 0.4 sec DTL cycle for Protons with 1.5-GeV FFAG 1 x 960 µs @ 35 mA (H – )

5. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati5 BNL Proposal to Conduct Accelerator R&D for a Future U.S. Neutrino Physics Program Submitted to the U.S. Department of Energy Office of High Energy Physics by Brookhaven National Laboratory August 15, 2005 This is a proposal submitted by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of High Energy Physics (OHEP), to conduct Accelerator R&D focused on the improvement of accelerator systems and capabilities needed for effective pursuit of future accelerator-based sources of intense neutrino beams. Our proposal emphasizes the R&D needs required by the ‘ Super Neutrino Beam ’ concept identified in the 2004 Office of Science Future Facilities Intiative 1. The proposed R&D work will be central to the future effectiveness of the U.S. Neutrino Oscillations Program using accelerator sources of neutrinos. We outline a program that is structured to evolve over a three-year period, indicating technical goals, requested OHEP support levels and staffing to meet the objectives. The proposed R&D topics are described in detail in the sections after this summary. A prioritized list of topics and proposed support levels is given here …. Our 1st and 2nd priority topics are for generic high-power, proton target and integrated target/horn meson- focusing systems R&D. This proposed R&D work will be needed by any accelerator source that proposes to advance the capabilities of the U.S. in future accelerator-based neutrino experiments. We also observe that beyond the neutrino-less double beta-decay and reactor neutrino experiments currently under consideration for near-term approval, the future effectiveness of neutrino oscillation physics will depend upon the development of Megawatt-class target sources and Megaton-class detectors. Our 3rd R&D priority is for the development of novel, Fixed-Focus, Alternating- Gradient (FFAG) conceptual accelerator designs that could provide a much cheaper, high- power proton source for neutrinos than the current SC linac plan. …. This is a proposal submitted by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of High Energy Physics (OHEP), to conduct Accelerator R&D focused on the improvement of accelerator systems and capabilities needed for effective pursuit of future accelerator-based sources of intense neutrino beams. Our proposal emphasizes the R&D needs required by the ‘ Super Neutrino Beam ’ concept identified in the 2004 Office of Science Future Facilities Intiative 1. The proposed R&D work will be central to the future effectiveness of the U.S. Neutrino Oscillations Program using accelerator sources of neutrinos. We outline a program that is structured to evolve over a three-year period, indicating technical goals, requested OHEP support levels and staffing to meet the objectives. The proposed R&D topics are described in detail in the sections after this summary. A prioritized list of topics and proposed support levels is given here …. Our 1st and 2nd priority topics are for generic high-power, proton target and integrated target/horn meson- focusing systems R&D. This proposed R&D work will be needed by any accelerator source that proposes to advance the capabilities of the U.S. in future accelerator-based neutrino experiments. We also observe that beyond the neutrino-less double beta-decay and reactor neutrino experiments currently under consideration for near-term approval, the future effectiveness of neutrino oscillation physics will depend upon the development of Megawatt-class target sources and Megaton-class detectors. Our 3rd R&D priority is for the development of novel, Fixed-Focus, Alternating- Gradient (FFAG) conceptual accelerator designs that could provide a much cheaper, high- power proton source for neutrinos than the current SC linac plan. ….

6. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati6 Proposal for R&D to DOE 1.0 Introduction [D. Lowenstein, W. Weng] 2.0 Proton Target Materials R&D: [H. Kirk, N. Simos] 3.0 Integrated Horn/Target R&D: [N. Simos] 4.0 FFAG Conceptual Design R&D: [A. Ruggiero] 5.0 High Temperature Superconducting Magnets: [R. Gupta] 6.0 Plasma Focusing Device Design R&D: [A. Hershcovitch] 7.0 AGS Super Neutrino Beam Upgrade: [T. Roser] 8.0 Neutrino Factory Design Studies: [R. Fernow, J. Gallardo, R. Palmer] 9.0 R&D Support Summary: [D. Lowenstein, W. Weng] 1.0 Introduction [D. Lowenstein, W. Weng] 2.0 Proton Target Materials R&D: [H. Kirk, N. Simos] 3.0 Integrated Horn/Target R&D: [N. Simos] 4.0 FFAG Conceptual Design R&D: [A. Ruggiero] 5.0 High Temperature Superconducting Magnets: [R. Gupta] 6.0 Plasma Focusing Device Design R&D: [A. Hershcovitch] 7.0 AGS Super Neutrino Beam Upgrade: [T. Roser] 8.0 Neutrino Factory Design Studies: [R. Fernow, J. Gallardo, R. Palmer] 9.0 R&D Support Summary: [D. Lowenstein, W. Weng]

7. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati7 Acceleration in the AGS Upgrade FFAG InjectionExtraction Kinetic Energy, MeV4001,500 Momentum, MeV/c954.32250.5  0.713060.92300 Revol. Freq., MHz0.26500.3428 Revol. Period, µ s3.782.92 Harmonic Number24 RF Frequency, MHz6.3578.228 Bunch Area (full), eV-s0.40 Peak RF Voltage, MVolt1.20 Energy Gain, MeV/turn0.50 No. of Cavities30 No. Protons / Cycle1.0 x 10 14 Circulating Current, Amp4.245.49 Beam RF Power, MW2.122.75 Space-Charge  0.500.16 Full Emittance, norm.100 π mm-mrad Repetition Rate, Hz2.5 Injection Period1.0 ms (255 turns) Acceleration Period7.0 ms (2,200 turns) Total Period8.0 ms InjectionExtraction Kinetic Energy, MeV4001,500 Momentum, MeV/c954.32250.5  0.713060.92300 Revol. Freq., MHz0.26500.3428 Revol. Period, µ s3.782.92 Harmonic Number24 RF Frequency, MHz6.3578.228 Bunch Area (full), eV-s0.40 Peak RF Voltage, MVolt1.20 Energy Gain, MeV/turn0.50 No. of Cavities30 No. Protons / Cycle1.0 x 10 14 Circulating Current, Amp4.245.49 Beam RF Power, MW2.122.75 Space-Charge  0.500.16 Full Emittance, norm.100 π mm-mrad Repetition Rate, Hz2.5 Injection Period1.0 ms (255 turns) Acceleration Period7.0 ms (2,200 turns) Total Period8.0 ms

8. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati8 Proton BNL Electron Model for FFAG InjectionExtraction Kinetic Energy, keV217.85816.93 Momentum, keV/c519.731,225.66  0.713060.92300 Revol. Freq., MHz2.36183.0552 Revol. Period, µ s0.42340.3273 Harmonic Number3 RF Frequency, MHz7.0859.166 Bunch Area (full), eV-s0.40 Peak RF Voltage, kVolt5.824 Energy Gain, keV/turn2.427 No. of Cavities1 No. Protons / Cycle5.446 x 10 10 Circulating Current, mA20.5926.659 Beam RF Power, W50.0465.13 Space-Charge  0.500.16 Full Emittance, norm.100 π mm-mrad Repetition Rate, Hz2.5 Injection Period0.1122 ms (255 turns) Acceleration Period0.7854 ms (2,200 turns) Total Period0.8976 ms e-Source Current161.5 µ A InjectionExtraction Kinetic Energy, keV217.85816.93 Momentum, keV/c519.731,225.66  0.713060.92300 Revol. Freq., MHz2.36183.0552 Revol. Period, µ s0.42340.3273 Harmonic Number3 RF Frequency, MHz7.0859.166 Bunch Area (full), eV-s0.40 Peak RF Voltage, kVolt5.824 Energy Gain, keV/turn2.427 No. of Cavities1 No. Protons / Cycle5.446 x 10 10 Circulating Current, mA20.5926.659 Beam RF Power, W50.0465.13 Space-Charge  0.500.16 Full Emittance, norm.100 π mm-mrad Repetition Rate, Hz2.5 Injection Period0.1122 ms (255 turns) Acceleration Period0.7854 ms (2,200 turns) Total Period0.8976 ms e-Source Current161.5 µ A

9. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati9 BNL Electron Model for Proton FFAG Circumference, m9.05484 Period Length, m 0.377286 No. of Periods24 F: Length, cm4.375 Field, G – 38.717 Gradient, G/m3,739 D: Length, cm8.7 Field, G90.586 Gradient, G/m – 3,275 Drifts: S (half), cm8.239 g (full), cm1.875 Phase Adv. /PeriodH0.32589 V0.28593 Betatron TuneH7.82122 V6.86230 Transition Energy,  T 16.914 i ChromaticityH – 0.8274 V – 1.8493 Circumference, m9.05484 Period Length, m 0.377286 No. of Periods24 F: Length, cm4.375 Field, G – 38.717 Gradient, G/m3,739 D: Length, cm8.7 Field, G90.586 Gradient, G/m – 3,275 Drifts: S (half), cm8.239 g (full), cm1.875 Phase Adv. /PeriodH0.32589 V0.28593 Betatron TuneH7.82122 V6.86230 Transition Energy,  T 16.914 i ChromaticityH – 0.8274 V – 1.8493

10. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati10 Linear Field Profile

11. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati11 Adjusted Field Profile

12. June 23, 2005A.G. Ruggiero -- NuFact 05 - Frascati12 Solicitation of a SBIR Proposal for the Construction of an Electron-Model to simulate the Beam Dynamics of a Proton FFAG with Non-Scaling Lattice ……. We are proposing here the construction of a Non-Scaling Proton FFAG Accelerator prototype as a demonstration of the principle. At this purpose we use acceleration of electrons instead of protons to allow scaling down the ring dimensions and energy range. Tentative parameters of the prototype are given in Tables 1 and 2. The basic component is a period made of straight sections and a FDF triplet magnet as shown in Figure 1. The bending field distribution across the width of each of the two magnets is given in Figure 2 for a Linear Field Profile and in Figure 3 for an Adjusted Field Profile that minimize the betatron tune variation across the momentum aperture. We have adopted the criterion to emulate as close as possible acceleration of protons in the FFAG for the AGS Upgrade. The electron beam energy selected would indeed preserves the beam velocity variation in the acceleration cycle. Moreover beam intensity and dimensions have been chosen to intentionally create significant space-charge forces at injection. …….. ……. We are proposing here the construction of a Non-Scaling Proton FFAG Accelerator prototype as a demonstration of the principle. At this purpose we use acceleration of electrons instead of protons to allow scaling down the ring dimensions and energy range. Tentative parameters of the prototype are given in Tables 1 and 2. The basic component is a period made of straight sections and a FDF triplet magnet as shown in Figure 1. The bending field distribution across the width of each of the two magnets is given in Figure 2 for a Linear Field Profile and in Figure 3 for an Adjusted Field Profile that minimize the betatron tune variation across the momentum aperture. We have adopted the criterion to emulate as close as possible acceleration of protons in the FFAG for the AGS Upgrade. The electron beam energy selected would indeed preserves the beam velocity variation in the acceleration cycle. Moreover beam intensity and dimensions have been chosen to intentionally create significant space-charge forces at injection. ……..