1. South Africa: Apartheid and After
1) Apartheid: Resistance, Consequences & Cultural Responses
2) Post-Apartheid Society

2. What do you know about South Africa?
Apartheid
Table Mountain – one of the seven wonders of the world
FIFA World Cup, 2010
AIDS (4.7 million South Africans — one in nine — are HIV-positive in 2002; source) Kami, HIV+ muppet (source)
Diamond and gold

3. Related Films
In My Country (or Country of My Skull about Truth and Reconciliation committee)
Yesterday DVD
Tsotsi 黑幫暴徒 DVD
Black Butterfly (2011) 黑蝶漫舞 about South-African poet Ingrid Jonker. DVD
Invictus 《打不倒的勇者》South African rugby in 1995 World cup DVD
Mama Africa《非洲媽媽》about Miriam Makeba

4. Outline History of Apartheid Race Relations up to 1948
e.g. Cry, My Beloved Country (novel 1948; film 1995)
Trailer; end
Apartheid ( ): Resistance and Consequences:
Stories of Race Relations & Education
Anti-Apartheid Movements and Cultural Expressions
International Cultural Boycott and Musical Crossover
Post-Apartheid Society

5. Apartheid: Texts to Read or Miss
“The Music of the Violin,”
“The Prophetess” [Nadine Gordimer stories”]
Race Relations & Education
Cry Freedom; [“The Day of the Riot” "Amnesty”]
Anti-Apartheid Movements
[The postmodern vs. the Realistic
the poems on bodily pains
art works]
Cultural Expressions
Graceland
Musical Crossover Style

6. History of Apartheid
(1) Causes

7. South Africa: Past and Present
Cape Town as refreshment station for colonizers on their way to Asia
e.g. Table Mountain Clip
Aborigines: San (or Bushmen), Khoikhoi (or Hottentots), driven to Kalahari mountains and the desert areas in the 18th century, when more conflicts arose between Xhosa, Boers and the English.
source

8. Dominant population groups in South Africa
Population: 479,000（2007, four groups: whites （9.1%）、blacks（ Zulu, Xhosa, etc.; 79.6 % ）、colored（8.9 % ）and Asians（2.5%, including Indians) image source
  Black African
  Coloured
  Indian or Asian
  White
  None dominant

9. History: Triangle formed
The Dutch East India Company arrived, displacing the Bantu-speaking black Africans;
The British seized Cape Town, and the Afrikaners began the 'Great Trek' to find new bases. 
1814 –The British displaced the Dutch, who moved inland to Natal, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal
The Dutch
(Boer, Afrikaners)
The British
Xhosa (the blacks)
1899年至1902年的Anglo-Boer戰爭。
荷蘭史學家認為這是英國帝國主義的具體表現，英國史學家認為這是長期發展策略的一部份，沒有控制川斯瓦共和國，可能會激起開普敦地區荷蘭裔的居民仿傚，在南部海岸荷蘭人眾多的城鎮發動政變，戰爭是不得已的結果。不過， 所有歷史學家都會同意，這個戰爭的目的就是為了控制黃金的礦場，英國從來沒有隱藏它對川斯瓦金礦的重視，不惜發動戰爭來確保英國能完全控制這個世界上最大的黃金儲藏量。
開始的時候，荷蘭共和國攻勢凌厲，捷報連連，攻下北開普敦及那他殖民地北部，佔領了萊地史密斯(Ladysmith) 金伯利及麥菲肯(Mafikeng)；不過，仍然無法越過殖民地的管轄區，原來預期所有南非的荷蘭人都會響應，沒有發生，一九零零年後，英國的後援軍隊抵達，英國的攻勢連連不斷，戰勢逆轉，英國一路攻下普立扥利亞，川斯瓦共和國的總統克魯格(Paul Kruger)流亡到葡萄牙殖民地莫三鼻克。
英國南非的勝利已經很明顯，只是有些死硬派的荷蘭人強烈反抗，並且，發動游擊戰的攻擊，不斷襲擊英國軍隊，英國政府對游擊民兵無法消滅，非常苦惱，於是在游擊隊密集的地方，把荷蘭人全部驅逐到集中營管理監督，限制老幼婦孺的所有行動及醫療食物，許多婦孺因而疾病或饑餓死亡，甚至把一個城鎮的所有荷蘭人一律屠殺，死亡一萬多人。

10. Boer women and children in British concentration camps (source)
Boer Wars
Gold and diamond discovered in these areas  Boer War ( )
(clip Cry Freedom 45:56)
DVD
Boer women and children in British concentration camps (source)

11. History –domination of Afrikaners
the four colonies were joined together under the Act of the Union, and the British handed the administration of the country over to the White locals.
1913/14 – Owning Land: The Mines and Works Act and the Natives Land Act: a 'color bar' was legalized and blacks were prohibited from owning land anywhere but in 'native reserves'--7 percent of the whole.
South Africa gained its independence from Britain
50,000 white farmers have twelve times as much land for cultivation and grazing as 14 million rural blacks
1930s the government tried to mechanize agricultural practices in rural South Africa.  Fewer black workers were needed. severe droughts  urban migration
英國政府希望南非可以正式以英語做為唯一的官方語言，並且，開始鼓勵大量的英國移民南非，卻成功地促成四個共和國成立為南非聯邦。唯一有爭議的只是黑人的投票權問題。(
The Union was a dominion that included the former territories of the Cape and Natal colonies, as well as the republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal.

12. History: Approaching Apartheid
Residence: the Urban Areas Act (1923) -- introduced residential segregation and provided cheap labour for white industry
Work: the Colour Bar Act (1926) -- prevented blacks from practicing skilled trades
Suffrage & Representation: Separate Representation of Voters Act (1956), -- removed coloureds from the common voters' roll in the Cape, and established a separate voters' roll for them (source: )

13. Examples: Cry, the Beloved Country (1995)
Novel by Alan Paton
Film by Darrell Roodt
Setting: (written in 1947), post WWII Johannesburg, right before Apartheid was institutionalized.
An aging Zulu pastor goes there to search for his son, as well as his brother and sister, only to find the son guilty of murdering a white man who was devoted to the cause of racial justice.  the relations between the two fathers.

14. Examples: Cry, the Beloved Country
Issues: Urban migration  the breaking of African tribes; poor living conditions of the blacks in the city  Tsotsi, fear, violence and possibilities of reconciliation.

15. Examples: Cry, the Beloved Country (1995)
""There is fear in the land. And fear in the hearts of all who live there. And fear puts an end to understanding and the need to understand. So how shall we fashion such a land when there is fear in the heart? The white man will put more locks on his door and get a fine fierce dog, but the beauty of the trees and of the stars, these things we shall forego.
"Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear. Let him not love the earth too deeply.
Let him not be too moved when the birds of his land are singing, nor give too much of his heart to a mountain or a valley. For fear will rob him of all if his gives too much. Yes cry, cry, the beloved country.".” (film 47:46 - )

16. Examples: Cry, the Beloved Country
"For it is the dawn that has come,
as it has come for a thousand centuries, never failing. But when that dawn will come, of our emancipation, from the fear of bondage and the bondage of fear, why, that is a secret.” (2: 41; 44)

17. (2) Institutionalization (1948-1994)
History of Apartheid
(2) Institutionalization ( )
Sharpville
1952
Soweto
1975
1994
Soweto uprising 1976

18. Apartheid --institutionalized
1948 –Apartheid institutionalized since Afrikaner Nationalists won the election;
a method of “divide and rule” to counteract the so-called "black danger“; Afrikaner rulers saw Africans as threatening to overrun or engulf them by their sheer numbers.
Brutal racism: imprisonment, police killings and murder (e.g. confiscation of property and the forced removal of millions of blacks )

19. Apartheid -- other examples of the laws
Population Registration Act (1950) -- required that each inhabitant of South Africa be classified and registered in accordance with their racial characteristics
Group Areas Act (1950) -- designed to separate racial groups geographically
The Bantu Authorities Act (or Homeland Act, 1951) -- created separate government structures for blacks
Passes: Black men and women, or even people who appeared to possibly be black, were required by law to carry passes at all times stating who they were and why they belonged in a certain area.  Sharpville protest

20. Consequences (1): Shantytown & Lack of Resources
(e.g. CF: Squatters –opening; Pass -- clip 57:30
Black townships: e.g. Sophiatown, Soweto near Johannesburg
In crowded, often unsanitary, and potentially dehumanizing living conditions;
Shacks – made of corrugated tin, newspaper, cardboard boxes, and whatever else could be found to keep out wind and rain.
"Most of the yards had a single lavatory and one tap which were shared by 150 to 200 residents" (Mattera, p. 50).

21. Consequences (2): Tsosti & Black Rebels
Education: fewer than one-third of the country's black school-aged children were actually enrolled in schools.
Tsotsi: meaning -- Someone who steals, lies and generally is not to be trusted. A township gangster.
-- the many black youths who turned to street hustling (theft or murder).
e.g. Cry, the Beloved Country -- Absalom Kumalo.  Tsotsi (黑幫暴徒 2005)
Issues of Education in Njabulo Ndebele’s stories

22. Tsotsi (黑幫暴徒 2005)

23. Note: U.S. vs. South Africa
S.A.
modern, industrialized Western democracy with an oppressed but culturally assimilated black minority;
an African, third-world country with a white minority enjoying a first-world living standard
separate schools, transportation, and eating facilities
native reserves and locations
50’-60’s resistance movements
1964 the Civil Rights Act; 1965 the Voting Rights Act.
1960s -- apartheid reached its zenith.

24. Resistance movements (1):
1943 Nelson Mandela  ANC; PAC
1946 – Miners’ strike
The Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents Act, 1952 (all blacks should carry passes Sharpville Massacre); a large group of blacks in Sharpeville refused to carry their passes; the government declared a state of emergency. The emergency lasted for 156 days, leaving 69 people dead and 187 people wounded. (source)
1960’s -- the banning of African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)  armed resistance; International sanctions and sabbotage
state of emergency (1960 – 1989): those who went on demonstration can be sentenced to death, banished or imprisoned.
氾非洲連線呼籲所有南非黑人拒絕攜帶通行證，把通行證留在家裡，於1960年三月三十一日所有黑人同時外出，主動向警察局報到拘捕，他們認為眾多黑人被捕，監獄無法容納，通行證無法執行，這個政策自然會被取消，許多地方的黑人都被警察用警棍毆打驅逐或用直昇機噴水驅散，在沙普鎮(Sharpville)的警察局被一千多人包圍，警察感覺自身安全受危害，開槍射擊群眾，造成六十九人喪生，一百八十人受傷，而且，多半在逃離時被警察從背後槍擊身亡，這就是沙普鎮大屠殺(Sharpville Massacre)。

25. Resistance movements (1): example
Sharpville Massacre –
anti-pass movement on March 21, 1960, in Sharpeville.
69 people were killed (including 8 women and 10 children), and of the
180 people who were wounded, 31 were women and 19 were children.
“Our Sharpville”
I was playing hopscotch on the slate
When the miners roared past in lorries,
Their arms raised, signals at a crossing,
Their chanting foreign and familiar
Like the call and answer of road gangs
Across the veld (大草原), building hot arteries
From the heart of the Transvaal
Oasis
Maulers of children
Shame???
Painting
Photo

26. Resistance movements (2):
1970  Black Consciousness (BMC); In Steven Biko's own words, 'we black people should all the time keep in mind that South Africa is our country and that all of it belongs to us'  e.g. Cry Freedom 32:00, 38:34
-- insists on Black autonomy; formed a community, including a community clinic, Zanempilo
banned during the height of apartheid in March 1973, meaning that he was not allowed to speak to more than one person at a time, was restricted to certain areas, and could not make speeches in public.
Uprisings:
language education ( Soweto uprising 1976, the beginning of the end)
Arrested in 1977 (Biko killed on 12 September 1977)

27. Examples: Cry Freedom (1987)
Plot: South African journalist Donald Woods is forced to flee the country after attempting to investigate the death in custody of his friend the black activist Steve Biko.
Opening – The raid on Crossroads squatter’s camp
Ending –Soweto uprising (2:24:30)
Biko’s ideas –
Black Consciousness
his speech (31:32)
his self defense (naked racism) (38:34)
The community to a visit to a black township (18:30-)
Afrikaner’s version

28. Resistance movements: Soweto Student Uprising
"It was a picture that got the world‘s attention: A frozen moment in time that showed 13-year-old Hector Peterson dying after being struck down by a policeman's bullet.  At his side was his 17-year-old sister. ” (source)

29. Apartheid: Repeal Efforts
1980’s: International sanctions + radicalization of resistance movements 
Some minor laws (e.g. interracial marriage) were abolished by 1990;
, the P.W. Botha government’s elimination of black oppositions;
President de Klerk obtained the repeal of the remaining apartheid laws and called for the drafting of a new constitution.
a multiracial, multiparty transitional government was approved, and fully free elections were held in 1994, which gave majority representation to the African National Congress.

30. Apartheid: Cultural Responses
Soweto uprising 1976

31. Response 1: Realistic Treatments Anti-Apartheid movements & Race Relations
Bessie Head
Mbulelo Mzamane
“Amnesty”
Nadine Gordimer

32. Response 2 : Indirect/Postmodern Treatments
J. M. Coetzee -- Foe:
Historical revision or metafiction.
Waiting for the Barbarian

33. Responses 3: Confirmation of traditional culture --
Njabulo S. Ndebele: Pay more attention to individual psychology and the influences of tradition.
e.g. “Prophetess” (“The Music of the Violin”)

34. Ndebele on Children
"South African literature has generally handled the images of childhood as social criticism:
an infant abandoned by its mother.
Friends going against each other.
the entrance of the young in national politics education affected (i.e. Soweto uprising)
Reconstruction should begin with the recovery of childhood and innocence. (source: )

35. Prophetess: Plot in front of the prophetess Room On a bus
entering the dark room
Blessing the holy water
Boys on the Street
entering Bringing the water home

36. Prophetess: Discussion Questions
People on the Bus: How do they relate to each other? And to the prophetess?
The boy & the Prophetess: On what is the boy’s attention focused when he visits the prophetess? Compared with the people on the bus, how does the boy relate to the prophetess? What breaks the spell the prophetess has on him? What does she teach him?
What does the ending mean? Do you see any traces of apartheid in this story, or seeds of the anti-apartheid movements?

37. Group Questions for Yesterday
1. What filming technique does the director use? What are the effects?
2. Why does John call yesterday beauty at the end? What does it suggest?
3. Do you believe Yesterday when she says she's not angry? Why or why not? What could be the potential cause of her angry?

38. Prophetess –seen from different perspectives
On what is the boy’s attention focused when he visits the prophetess? Are they signs of her spirituality?
dog; darkness, vine, his own sensations, memory, doek (African headscarf, 11); camphor (12); her coughing
2. The people on the bus – How do they relate to each other? And to the prophetess? How are they different from each other?
the other women
the big woman
the man with a balaclava (Woollen hat); the young man at the back
the young man with immaculate dress

39. “The Prophetess” vs. the boy
fearful of -- dog; darkness, vine,
attentive to -- his own sensations (shiver, warmth from the dog fur), the prophetess’ doek (African headscarf, 11), her coughing (12)
feel relaxed by – the smell of camphor (12); the mats ( his mother); her smile and her knowing his mother (14), memory of his mother (16)
touched by –the religious ambience, her prayer and her touch (which smells of soap and wax)

40. the prophetess’ lessons
Learn and serve 14
Always listen to new things; then try to create
the song – “We too will survive the fire that is coming…”
What grows out of the barren wastes has a strength (15)
blessing the water with “the flower of newness” and faith (16)
we are all made of all that is in the world 17

41. The prophetess’s allusion to their hardships
Traces of Apartheid?
The prophetess’s allusion to their hardships

42. The Other Views of the Prophetess
the bus passengers  superstition and sexism
The mother – try all the possibilities (western medicine, herb and holy water
the other women – “really happened” like a chorus
the big woman --- evidence?
the young man at the back – “heard” it; “love is having women like you”
the man with a balaclava– cursing them
the young man with immaculate dress – “We laugh at everything.” No proof

43. Street Experience –also sexism
Timi discusses with Biza about a girl the latter claims that he’d “conquered”
a contrast between the two kinds of “liquid”
The boy’s sense of superiority (20)
Accident—bump into a bicycle
feels pain first, then sees/hears the bike-rider
then he realizes the loss of the water

44. The Boy’s Growth sees thru’ the macho type of heroism
Controls his sense of pain; conquers his fear of being punished because of telling a white lie.
takes the prophetess’ lesson to heal the mother with “the water in the world” (24)

45. Response 4: Paul Simon’s Graceland (1987)
“an exquisite, multifaceted fusion of his own sophisticated
stream-of-consciousness poetry with black South Africa's
doo-wop-influenced “township jive” and Zulu choral music” (Britanica.com).
Township Jive (鎮區爵士樂 ): this “very up, very happy music”
acapella (無伴奏和聲 ) group Ladysmith Black Mambazo (segment 2; 7:30; Homeless 9:24);
General M.D. Shirinda and The Gaza Sisters; Miriam Mekeba (1—29:45)

46. Response 7: Music --"crossover style"
Enoch Sontonga's beautiful African hymn "Nkosi Sikilel'i Africa" (God Bless Africa; 1897); an anthem and symbol of struggle to generations of Africans
-- the influence of the missionary school music training
-- the innovative a cappella vocal harmonies of mbube music
Ladysmith Black Mambazo
Mbube mellowed into iscathamiya ("to walk on one's toes lightly").

47. Ladysmith Black Mambazo
ISICATHAMIYA (Is-Cot-A-Me-Ya): born in the mines of South Africa. Black workers were taken by rail to work far away from their homes and their families. Poorly housed and paid worse, they would entertain themselves after a six-day week by singing songs into the wee hours every Sunday morning. Cothoza Mfana they called themselves, "tip toe guys", referring to the dance steps choreographed so as to not disturb the camp security guards. When miners returned to the homelands, the tradition returned with them. (source )
Example 1

48. HOMELESS (Paul Simon and Joseph Shabalala)
Emaweni webaba Silale maweni Homeless, homeless Moonlight sleeping on a midnight lake Homeless, homeless Moonlight sleeping on a midnight lake
Strong wind destroy our home Many dead, tonight it could be you Strong wind, strong wind Many dead, tonight it could be you

49. Response 8 : Artwork re. Anti-Apartheid movements, Black Identity & Race Relations
Dumile Feni ( )

50. Responses 8: Artwork re. Anti-Apartheid movements & Race Relations
Ironic ad.—guerilla style, torn down soon

51. Post-Apartheid Society
Long Night’s Journey into the Day & In My Country
Yesterday

52. Response 1: Long Night’s Journey into the Day
South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)
Purpose: Restorative Justice, rather than retributive justice
Mandated to produce "as complete a picture as possible of the nature, causes and extent" of these violations” committed during the apartheid period. They did it with the testimonies of the victims and pepetrators.
Reasons:
chose Restorative justice but not retributive justice. The perpetrators …” [had] to confess publicly, in the full glare of television lights, that they did those ghastly things.“-- Desmond Tutu
Since the past cannot be un-lived, we have to face it.
Criticized: justice before reconciliation

53. Response 1: Long Night’s Journey into the Day
Case 1
Amy Biehl-- Amy Biehl, an American student in South Africa working with the ANC, was killed by four Black youths during political unrest in Guguletu township.
Why they kill -- "Killing someone like her exposed both our anger and the conditions under which we lived. If we had been living reasonably, we would not have killed her." -- Easy Nofemela on the killing of Amy Biehl

54. Long Night’s Journey into the Day
Case 2. "Cradock 4." – Eric Taylor, a white person who had worked (and killed) to uphold the apartheid government and who now had a change of heart and was remorseful for his acts.
His way of killing: beat the four persons (who were supposed to be movement leaders, but one was actually unknown to them) to death and then burn them.
(clips 1—his belief, 2 –his change )
The widows refused to agree with amnesty.

55. Long Night’s Journey into the Day
Case 3. Robert McBride-- an ANC activist
"No one has apologized to me yet for either oppressing me directly or indirectly or happily benefitting from my oppression" -- Robert McBride on apology
Clip 3
Is he a terrorist? Clip: MaBride vs. a victim’s family

56. Long Night’s Journey into the Day
Case 4. Guguletu 7--the story of seven young men who were killed in what now appears to have been a set-up designed to make the apartheid police look as if they had killed a group of dangerous terrorists.
clips
Mbelo as a black policeman/informant;
the process of reconciliation

57. Questions to ponder over (1) What is truth? What is justice?
TRC – presents conflicting testimonies;
Archbishop Tutu refers the past as a ‘jigsaw puzzle’ of which the TRC report is only a piece, and alludes to a search “for the clues that lead To a truth that will never be fully revealed.” (TRC report 4, qtd in Graham 11).
Factual and forensic truths vs. personal and narrative truths
Desmond Tutu on restorative versus retributive justice

58. Questions to ponder over (1) What is justice?
Cases in Contrast:
The endless hunting for Nazi regime supporters;
Victims? Absalom in Cry, my Beloved Country.
Victims? The US: The Washington Post (June 8, 2000) - "The nation's war on drugs unfairly targets African Americans, who are far more likely to be imprisoned for drug offenses than whites, even though far more whites use illegal drugs than blacks,.... Overall, black men are sent to prisons on drug charges at 13 times the rate of white men.... Overall, one in 20(1/20) black men over the age of 18 is in a state or federal prison compared with one in 180 (1/180) white men."

59. Questions (2): How to resolve large-scale conflicts
law enforcement, & public policy,
non-violent demonstrations,
contracts, treaties
use of force and imposed peace by the victor over the vanquished.
TRC: dialogue and collaborative problem solving, arbitration, mediation, Truth is ‘the Road to Reconciliation’?
A related question: what drive some people to brutal killings? How do we avoid making errors we are induced to make by historic circumstances?

60. Q (3): How do we face (collective) violence & survive trauma?
To REPRESS it, to seek VENGEANCE, RETRIBUTION, or to UNDERSTAND and FORGIVE?
To face it through a certain ritual and with a group of people, or to face it alone. (Example: the journalist whose father was killed.)
Is direct confrontation of the perpetrators’ and victims testimonies productive?
Should memory reconstruction be the only means of ‘facing’ the past?

61. Q (4): Justice, Truth, Forgiveness, or merely Amnesty
Who should be empowered to grant forgiveness when a person is murdered? Can the family members ever forgive on behalf of the lost loved one, or can they only forgive with regard to their own loss? (e.g. Biko’s family)
Is the TRC really engaged in offering forgiveness or only amnesty protection against prosecution? Do the victims’ testimonies get ignored when the perpetrators’ are taken as reasons for amnesty?
Can we forgive were we in the same boat? Do we dare to confess and apologize?
80% of those who applied for amnesty were black

62. One Possible Interpretation of TRC
one effect of the TRC has been ‘the restoration of narrative. In few countries in the contemporary world do we have a living example of people reinventing themselves through narrative’ (Ndebele qtd in Graham 12).
E.g. The Story I am about to Tell, Ubu and The Truth Commission, The Country of my Skull ( In my Country), etc.

63. South Africa: Past and Present
Present Problems:
increasing gap between the rich (Blacks) and the poor (Blacks)
2007 survey: social unrest –23% of South Africans worried about corruption problems, and 21% crime rates.
Causes: 1) the blacks venting their anger; 2) conflicts between the capitalists and laborers; 3) abolishment of death penalty, 4) illegal immigrants; 5) police corruption (source)
AIDS (later)
南非周日獨立報（The Sunday Independent）公佈的民調顯示，全國民眾最關心的為題是貪腐（23％）以及犯罪率（21％）；官員貪腐是治安敗壞的先兆舉世皆然，南非的治安問題在1994年以後急劇惡化，主要的原因不外於︰
一、黑人當政后，百姓被白人欺壓400年的怨氣有了宣泄的退場門，初期是泄忿式的偷、搶。
二、懶散的天性，在取得天下后，將白人或外籍人士所累積的成果當作天上掉下來的禮物，加上國際共黨操控的工會在幕后的支持和鼓勵，讓勞資對立，勞動市場萎縮，失業人口增加提升犯罪率。
三、黑人政府廢除死刑，一切要求證據的無罪推論讓罪犯有恃無恐，加上牢房不足，許多案件根本未審即先放囚以容納更多的罪犯，變相鼓勵犯案。
四、鄰國流動人口涌向南非洲最富庶的南非謀生，搶劫是最快致富的無本生意，無戶籍制度，無天然疆界，罪犯離境躲藏容易。
五、1997年南非與中共建交后，大量大陸人士移住，生意上的衝突助長幫派的成立，讓南非的治安問題更形複雜。
六、黑人警察良莠不齊，不少人甚至與罪犯掛鉤聯手作業，叫人防不甚防。
世界上多數國家的犯罪型態為經濟型，為強奪財物並非以殺害為主要目的犯罪，；南非的黑人犯罪是要搶也要殺，特別是東方人，華人又好像比例特高，讓人不寒而栗生活在風聲鶴唳中，過去13年中，台僑被搶被殺的案例太多，部份是運氣不佳，有部份卻可能是太過招搖而惹禍。
南非的政局在西方強權的「關注」下還是穩了下來，不過治安狀況確實開始走下坡。為確保黑人工作權，各單位用人有很高比例的黑人保障名額，事實上就是讓白人走路，於是白人失業率增高，菁英開始出走，街頭出現白人行乞、代看停車、年輕的單親女性下海賣身的現象迄今。很令人不可思議 。

64. Post-Apartheid Society
1) Blacks’ Economic Empowerment
Discrepancies between Rich & Poor
a. Cape Town apartheid after apartheid (2015)
b. Poor Whites
-- retrenched from the government office
-- injured and losing their work
-- 6:10 Afrikaners less entrepreneurial than the British SA.
-- 12:30 explanation of the whites’ dilemma
-- 12:40 – argument over white poverty & black poverty
2) AIDS
Reasons and Current Situation (Chinese explanation)
(e.g. Yesterday 2004)
3) Education
South Africa's 'fees must fall‘ –more than tuition issue
4) Drought (Climate Change)
In Free State (No. 1 corn province)
How has this affected the everyday lives of South Africans?
The hardship for those infected and their families begins long before people die.
Stigma and denial related to suspected infection cause many people to delay or refuse testing;
fear and despair often follow diagnosis, due to poor-quality counselling and lack of support; poverty prevents many infected people from maintaining adequate nutrition to help prevent the onset of illness;
limited access to clinics, waiting lists for ARV treatment programmes and eligibility criteria for access to ARVs mean that many people become seriously ill before accessing treatment;
loss of income and support when a breadwinner or caregiver becomes ill, and the diversion of household resources to provide care exacerbate poverty; the burden upon family members, particularly children and older people caring for terminally ill adults, and the trauma of bereavement and orphanhood compromise the physical and mental well-being of entire households, where 2,100,000 children orphaned due to AIDS in South Africa in This all happens in a society where the majority of children live in poverty and 25% of the economically active population is unemployed.
Women face a greater risk of HIV infection. On average in South Africa there are three women infected with HIV for every two men who are infected. The difference is greatest in the age group, where three young women for every one young man are infected.
However, South Africa has made positive strides in managing the HIV and AIDS epidemic since the end of The numbers of people on antiretroviral treatment has increased dramatically to    and there were fewer Aids-related deaths in 2011 than in 2005.

65. References
LONG NIGHT'S JOURNEY INTO DAY: STUDY GUIDE
LADYSMITH BLACK MAMBAZO
“Homeless” lyrics
South African Music
History (SAHO)
Graham, Shane. “The Truth Commission and Post-Apartheid Literature in South Africa.” Research in African Literature 34.1 (2003):

66. References: Yesterday: Music
WENA SE GOLI (when going to Johannesburg; English My Gold?) Composed by Mpahleni Latozi Performed by Madosini
YAKA YAKA (when she the road workers help Yesterday build the shack; when Yesterday builds it alone; English Yaka: Be bright and clear, as pure water.) Composed by Mpahleni Latozi Performed by Madosini
WOZA MOYA (Ending, and a few other places; English: Come Holy Spirit) Composed by Smiles Makhama Performed by Azumah
Zulu Dictionary:
DOCTOR: I've had a Tomorrow and a Today even, but never a Yesterday. Who named you that? YESTERDAY: My father, Madam. He said things were better yesterday than they are today
Yaka {(Jkiiti), Be bright and clear, as pure water.